This report contains 250 citations. These are the input citations, used to train MScanner.
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| C | R | Score | PMID | Date | Au | Ab | Title | Journal |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 8001 | 14.68 | 12287166 | 1994.06.02 | Sex education changes for the worse, say sexual health organisations. | Fam Plann Today | |||
| 8002 | 14.67 | 12179259 | 1997.12.02 | [APF. Open letter to the political parties, on the abortion situation in Portugal] | Sex Planeam Fam | |||
| 8003 | 14.66 | 2585366 | 1990.01.04 | + | Secrecy-related problems in AIDS management. | J R Coll Physicians Lond | ||
| R Bor, R Miller, H Salt, | ||||||||
| 8004 | 14.66 | 2020309 | 1991.05.30 | + | [Request for an HIV-antigen test in clinical practice] | Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd | ||
| W Avenarius, | ||||||||
| 8005 | 14.66 | 3356448 | 1988.05.26 | American Psychiatric Association issues two policies on AIDS. | Hosp Community Psychiatry | |||
| 8006 | 14.66 | 16013942 | 2005.09.30 | + | + | [An analisys fo causes for the discontinuation of a simplified antiretroviral regimen with abacavir, lamivudine and zidovudine] | Farm Hosp | |
| R Morillo Verdugo, L Abdel-Kader Martín, E Márquez Saavedra, I Martínez Alonso, S Artacho Criado, C Almeida González, M Miguel Del Corral, | ||||||||
| OBJECTIVE: To identify and analyze the most common causes for the discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy, including the co-formulation of abacavir, lamivudine and zidovudine (ABC-3TC-AZT). METHOD: An observational, retrospective study was carried out on patients receiving antiretroviral therapy with ABC-3TC-AZT seen in the Pharmacy Department s outpatient unit from February 2002 through June 2004. The causes for discontinuation among patients withdrawing from this therapy were analyzed. Adherence was assessed using computerized dispensation records. A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was designed in order to identify factors predictive of discontinuation. RESULTS: In all, 114 patients (85 males, 74.6%) received this therapy - 25.4% of them were naïve patients - and 34.2% (39/114) withdrew from this regimen, amongst them 44.8% (13/29) of naïve subjects. In 92.3% of cases this happened before treatment week 48. Discontinuation causes included: adverse reactions (46.1%), voluntary discontinuation (33.3%), clinical decision (15.4%), and other reasons (5.1%). A possible hypersensitivity reaction to ABC was reported for 9 patients. A greater likelihood of discontinuation was associated with detectable viral load at therapy onset, ex-parenteral drug abuser status, and naïve status (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A high percentage of discontinuations due to adverse events and voluntary withdrawal was found, particularly early during treatment. Patients who may therapeutically benefit from this regimen, particularly naïve subjects, should be identified, and interventions to improve adherence and optimize recovery parameters should be implemented. | ||||||||
| 8007 | 14.65 | 1771062 | 1992.02.21 | + | Face to face with AIDS. | N Y State Dent J | ||
| AM Giambalvo, | ||||||||
| 8008 | 14.65 | 6136672 | 1983.10.08 | + | Haiti and the stigma of AIDS. | Lancet | ||
| RS Greco, | ||||||||
| 8009 | 14.65 | 1289717 | 1993.03.22 | + | Routine HIV testing before surgery. | Nurs RSA | ||
| G Maartens, J Knottenbelt, | ||||||||
| 8010 | 14.65 | 16035594 | 2005.08.25 | + | + | Norway at ICPD+10: international assistance for reproductive health does not reflect domestic policies. | Reprod Health Matters | |
| B Austveg, J Sundby, | ||||||||
| Norway has a long history of good reproductive health care, with some of the world's best reproductive health indicators. Early reduction of maternal mortality, good services for abortion, contraception and sexually transmitted diseases, a low rate of adolescent pregnancies and a low number people with HIV are examples, achieved through an integrated, publicly provided and funded health care package. Official Norwegian development assistance started in 1952. Emphasis on family planning assistance dates back to 1966, making Norway one of the most consistent donors to family planning and reproductive health programmes. Norway also had a high profile at the International Conference on Population and Development and strongly supported the Programme of Action. Since then, while multilateral support in these areas has stayed high, bilateral support has been downscaled. Overall, international assistance does not reflect the domestic approach to reproductive health services. Norway has given little development support to improvement of maternity services, avoided the issues of abortion and post-coital contraception, and passed up opportunities to support adolescent services. Prevention and treatment of infertility has hardly been an issue. Revitalisation of the reproductive rights discourse in Norway could provide a basis for the protection of reproductive health care domestically, and for policy discussions and decisions in relation to Norway's development assistance. | ||||||||
| 8011 | 14.64 | 7642782 | 1995.09.20 | + | How I view the HIV epidemic as a Pentecostal. | J Community Health | ||
| W Sepulveda, | ||||||||
| 8012 | 14.64 | 15983279 | 2005.08.16 | + | + | Written parental consent in school-based HIV/AIDS prevention research. | Am J Public Health | |
| C Mathews, SJ Guttmacher, AJ Flisher, Y Mtshizana, A Hani, M Zwarenstein, | ||||||||
| OBJECTIVES: We examined the process of obtaining "active," written parental consent for a school-based HIV/AIDS prevention project in a South African high school by investigating (1) parental consent form return rates, (2) parents' recall and knowledge of the research, and (3) the extent to which this consent procedure represented parents' wishes about their child's involvement in the research. METHODS: This cross-sectional descriptive study comprised interviews with parents of children in grades eight and nine in a poor, periurban settlement in Cape Town. RESULTS: Within 2 weeks, 94% of 258 parents responded to a letter requesting written consent and of those, 93% consented, but subsequent interviews showed that 65% remembered seeing the consent form. At the end of the interview, 99% consented to their child's participation. CONCLUSIONS: These findings challenge many of the assumptions underlying active written parental consent. However, they should not be used to deny adolescents at high risk of HIV infection the opportunity to participate in prevention trials. Rather, researchers together with the communities in which the research is undertaken need to decide on appropriate informed consent strategies. | ||||||||
| 8013 | 14.64 | 11362272 | 1995.04.19 | Doctor's wife can't win damages arising from publication of studies. | AIDS Policy Law | |||
| 8014 | 14.64 | 1529212 | 1992.10.22 | + | HIV and professional ethics: nurses speak out. | RN | ||
| H Lippman, | ||||||||
| 8015 | 14.63 | 14765498 | 2004.02.11 | Expert meeting on HIV vaccine research, development, and access. | Can HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev | |||
| 8016 | 14.63 | 8021034 | 1994.08.04 | HIV infection and AIDS: educational and ethical aspects in relation to dentistry: report from a workshop held in London, 11-13 February 1993. | Int Dent J | |||
| 8017 | 14.63 | 10140192 | 1995.03.21 | + | HIV case causes hospital confusion. | Mod Healthc | ||
| B Japsen, | ||||||||
| 8018 | 14.62 | 12907493 | 2003.08.25 | + | Establishing ethical trials for treatment and prevention of AIDS in developing countries. | BMJ | ||
| B Lo, R Bayer, | ||||||||
| 8019 | 14.62 | 12614830 | 2003.06.18 | + | + | Concealment of homosexual identity, social support and CD4 cell count among HIV-seropositive gay men. | J Psychosom Res | |
| PM Ullrich, SK Lutgendorf, JT Stapleton, | ||||||||
| OBJECTIVE: Previous research has indicated that the concealment of homosexuality is related to poorer health among gay men with HIV. This study explored mechanisms by which concealment of homosexuality may be related to HIV disease status by examining associations between concealment of homosexuality, social support, social constraints, depressive symptoms and CD4 count among HIV-seropositive gay men. METHOD: Questionnaires assessing concealment of homosexuality, social support, depressive symptoms and social constraints were administered to 73 HIV-seropositive gay men. Medical charts were accessed to gather HIV disease information including CD4 counts. Regression analyses were conducted to examine associations between psychosocial variables and CD4 counts. RESULTS: Concealment of homosexuality was associated with lower CD4 count, greater social constraints, greater depressive symptoms and less social support. The association between concealment of homosexuality and CD4 count varied according to level of social support. Among participants with higher levels of social support, those with greater concealment had lower CD4 counts than those with lower concealment. Concealment of homosexuality was not related to CD4 count among participants reporting low social support. CONCLUSION: Concealment of homosexuality among HIV-seropositive gay men is associated with lower CD4 counts, depressive symptoms and strained social relationships. In addition, the benefits of being open about homosexuality may be most evident under conditions of greater social support. | ||||||||
| 8020 | 14.62 | 2634747 | 1990.06.06 | + | A dentist's office: "A place of public accommodation"? Rice v Rinaldo revisited. | J Law Ethics Dent | ||
| BR Pollack, | ||||||||
| 8021 | 14.62 | 2032032 | 1991.06.27 | + | French AIDS researcher cleared. | BMJ | ||
| A Dorozynski, | ||||||||
| 8022 | 14.62 | 1914951 | 1991.11.06 | + | Human immunodeficiency virus: transmission concerns in clinical practice. | Ear Nose Throat J | ||
| RV Smith, DW Eisele, | ||||||||
| 8023 | 14.62 | 10537939 | 1999.07.20 | + | + | Medical students and AIDS: knowledge, attitudes and implications for education. | Health Educ Res | |
| DR Kopacz, LS Grossman, DL Klamen, | ||||||||
| Second year medical students at a large midwestern university were surveyed about their attitudes regarding AIDS. Results indicated: (1) students with homosexual and/or HIV-positive friends were significantly more tolerant toward AIDS patients, (2) over half the students believed that treating AIDS patients may be hazardous and that their education had not prepared them to treat these patients safely, (3) one-third believed they had the right to refuse to treat AIDS patients, and (4) AIDS-phobia was significantly associated with homophobia. These data suggest that medical educators may need to help students overcome AIDS-phobia before some students will be able to incorporate instruction about AIDS since AIDS-phobia may inhibit this learning. Didactic instruction must be coupled with modeling by educators of non-prejudicial attitudes and strict adherence to medical professionalism. | ||||||||
| 8024 | 14.61 | 11366630 | 2000.05.30 | Motorist loses suit seeking money damages over 'HIV POS' tag. | AIDS Policy Law | |||
| 8025 | 14.61 | 11769194 | 2002.01.16 | Texas immune from lawsuit about medical information. | AIDS Policy Law | |||
| 8026 | 14.61 | 2367183 | 1990.08.14 | + | The innocent victims. | N J Nurse | ||
| DA Oliver, | ||||||||
| 8027 | 14.61 | 11363367 | 1996.05.02 | + | [Who will take care of my children?] | Sidahora | ||
| TM McGovern, | ||||||||
| 8028 | 14.61 | 15628018 | 2005.03.29 | + | Navigating the obstacle course. "I have a voice in the back of my head saying "I need help"! | Body Posit | ||
| JB von Ornsteiner, | ||||||||
| 8029 | 14.60 | 12222377 | 2000.12.06 | New guide for advocacy on HIV-related human rights. | ||||
| 8030 | 14.60 | 7897805 | 1995.04.27 | From the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. HIV counseling and testing--United States, 1993. | JAMA | |||
| 8031 | 14.60 | 1572251 | 1992.06.04 | + | [The informing of other physicians of an HIV finding] | Dtsch Med Wochenschr | ||
| HJ Rieger, | ||||||||
| 8032 | 14.60 | 11364386 | 1997.06.25 | Notification scrapped. | AIDS Policy Law | |||
| 8033 | 14.60 | 16036240 | 2005.10.11 | + | + | Determinants of HAART discontinuation among injection drug users. | AIDS Care | |
| T Kerr, A Marshall, J Walsh, A Palepu, M Tyndall, J Montaner, R Hogg, E Wood, | ||||||||
| The objective of this study was to identify psychosocial determinants of, and self-reported reasons for, HAART discontinuation among HIV-positive injection drug users (IDUs). We examined correlates between sociodemographic characteristics, drug use and risk behaviors, outcome expectations, adherence self-efficacy, social support and HAART discontinuation among 160 HIV-positive participants in the Vancouver Injection Drug Users' Study (VIDUS). Logistic regression was used to identify the factors independently associated with discontinuation of HAART. Seventy-one (44%) study participants discontinued HAART during the study period. Factors independently associated with discontinuation of HAART included recent incarceration (OR = 4.84, p = 0.022), negative outcome expectations (OR = 1.41, p = 0.001), adherence efficacy expectations (OR = 0.70, p = 0.003) and self-regulatory efficacy (OR = 0.86, p = 0.050). The most frequently cited reasons provided for discontinuing HAART were being in jail (44%) and medication side effects (41%). The results of this study suggest that psychological constructs derived from self-efficacy theory are highly germane to the understanding of HAART discontinuation behavior and interventions that may change it. Incarceration may result in interruptions in HAART among IDUs, and programmatic changes may be needed to promote optimal retention on HAART among incarcerated HIV-infected IDUs. | ||||||||
| 8034 | 14.59 | 11819968 | 2002.02.13 | Seeking disclosure. | GMHC Treat Issues | |||
| 8035 | 14.59 | 11833180 | 2002.02.22 | + | + | Gender, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS: the what, the why, and the how. | Can HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev | |
| GR Gupta, | ||||||||
| The focus of Geeta Rao Gupta's plenary presentation of 12 July 2000 at the XIII International AIDS Conference is on the what, why, and how of gender, sexuality, and HIV/AIDS. Dr Rao Gupta discusses the factors associated with women's vulnerability to HIV; and the ways in which unequal power balance in gender relations increases not only women's, but also men's, vulnerability to HIV-despite, or rather because of, their greater power. She then addresses the question of how one is to overcome the seemingly insurmountable barriers of gender and sexual inequality. How can we change the cultural norms that create damaging, even fatal, gender disparities and roles? According to Dr Rao Gupta, an important first step is to recognize, understand, and publicly discuss the ways in which the power imbalance in gender and sexuality fuels the epidemic. She provides examples of sensitive, transformative, and empowering approaches to gender and sexuality and concludes that, in the final analysis, reducing the imbalance in power between women and men requires policies that are designed to empower women--policies that aim to decrease the gender gap in education, improve women's access to economic resources, increase women's political participation, and protect women from violence. | ||||||||
| 8036 | 14.59 | 1407066 | 1992.11.25 | + | Investigation may close even more doors for transient patients. | Nephrol News Issues | ||
| A Messana, | ||||||||
| 8037 | 14.59 | 12206114 | 2002.09.11 | + | Late-stage AIDS and prison populations. | Focus | ||
| CK Bowles, | ||||||||
| 8038 | 14.58 | 2735018 | 1989.07.18 | + | AIDS. Legal and ethical issues in relation to insurance and job security. | West Indian Med J | ||
| ER Walrond, | ||||||||
| 8039 | 14.58 | 3204988 | 1989.02.02 | + | [The HIV test at the anonymous consultation of the University Hospital Center of Vaud. Importance of the interview] | Krankenpfl Soins Infirm | ||
| A Juvet, A Maziero, | ||||||||
| 8040 | 14.58 | 11809638 | 2002.02.19 | + | Fighting inequalities in AIDS treatment. | BMJ | ||
| P Sidley, | ||||||||
| 8041 | 14.58 | 8225163 | 1993.12.03 | + | ["AIDS". Advance of treatment and care of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons by medical doctors, dentists, nurses and paramedics without discrimination from other patients. Introduction] | Hokkaido Igaku Zasshi | ||
| T Miyazaki, T Minagawa, | ||||||||
| 8042 | 14.57 | 10067586 | 1999.03.11 | + | The untouchables. | Nurs Times | ||
| R Coombes, | ||||||||
| 8043 | 14.57 | 3361274 | 1988.06.03 | + | AIDS and the physician the risks ... and the rules. | J Fla Med Assoc | ||
| J Hammond, | ||||||||
| 8044 | 14.57 | 1307868 | 1993.01.07 | + | AIDS--beyond education. | Med J Aust | ||
| U Schüklenk, | ||||||||
| 8045 | 14.55 | 2397141 | 1990.10.18 | + | Ethics of preventive medicine from around the world. | Am J Prev Med | ||
| JM Last, | ||||||||
| 8046 | 14.55 | 11833166 | 2002.02.22 | + | + | Namibia: refusal to enlist HIV-positive in army ruled discriminatory. | Can HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev | |
| R Elliott, | ||||||||
| On 10 May 2000, in N v Minister of Defence, the Labour Court in Windhoek delivered a mixed ruling on HIV-based discrimination in employment that could have significant positive implications for armies throughout the region of southern Africa. | ||||||||
| 8047 | 14.55 | 15869105 | 2005.05.19 | + | Orphan drugs provide needed treatment options. | Md Med | ||
| RJ Dockhorn, | ||||||||
| 8048 | 14.55 | 1765258 | 1992.02.20 | + | Reluctance to care for patients with AIDS. | Gen Hosp Psychiatry | ||
| M Blumenfield, J Milazzo, GP Wormser, PJ Smith, | ||||||||
| 8049 | 14.54 | 16267954 | 2005.12.19 | AIDS: Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) guidelines. | ||||
| 8050 | 14.54 | 15720481 | 2005.06.07 | + | + | Patients' preferences for involvement in clinical decision-making within secondary care and the factors that influence their preferences. | J Nurs Manag | |
| C Doherty, W Doherty, | ||||||||
| The research aimed to identify what involvement patients want in clinical decision-making and explore the underlying factors influencing that choice, thus identifying aids and barriers to increasing patients' involvement in decision-making. The study design was inspired by interpretative phenomenology, thus the framework for analysis is intended to aid interpretation and comprehension of the patients' experiences and understanding through identifying similarities and differences in their stories. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews of twenty people who were patients in a secondary care milieu at the time of interview. Results showed that, 20% of patients chose an active role in decision-making and 80% chose a collaborative or a passive role. However what people selected on the autonomy preference index was not always reflected in the interview. Additionally, the findings suggest that the NHS maintains a paternalistic approach. Lack of staff, lack of information and poor continuity of care with nursing staff made patients feel disempowered. | ||||||||
| 8051 | 14.54 | 11367328 | 2000.10.05 | + | More money needed for Federal HIV/AIDS programs. | |||
| H Jacobs, | ||||||||
| 8052 | 14.54 | 16534386 | 2006.03.31 | + | Steven: I still wonder if I failed you. | Am J Nurs | ||
| K Roush, | ||||||||
| 8053 | 14.54 | 1738840 | 1992.03.19 | Zagury in the clear. | Science | |||
| 8054 | 14.53 | 12149886 | 2002.09.27 | + | + | Detection and documentation of actual and potential medication adherence problems in patients receiving combination therapies. | J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care | |
| G van Servellen, AK Johiro, MJ Tichacek, | ||||||||
| This article identifies problems in the documentation of antiretroviral medication adherence in medical records of clients seen in community-based treatment centers. Medical record data abstraction was conducted in community-based clinics providing HIV treatment services in a major HIV epicenter. Medical records of a purposive sample of 146 clients in four clinics were reviewed. Results revealed that adherence issues, in both frequency and type, were inadequately documented. Furthermore, when documented, reasons for patient adherence problems were not given. Documentation of follow-up of adherence issues was also absent in the medical records of study participants. There may be several unique and overlapping reasons for problems in documenting adherence issues: (a) provider experience and expertise in assessing adherence problems, (b) lack of sensitivity and specificity in clinician's assessments of adherence, (c) absence of adequate clinic protocol, and (d) available time to both assess adherence and complete thorough progress notes. This article provides data for the formulation of a summary adherence measure to enhance providers' abilities to detect and monitor actual and potential adherence problems. | ||||||||
| 8055 | 14.53 | 7893961 | 1995.04.27 | + | + | Behavioural and social issues in contraception. | Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol | |
| JG Schenker, U Elchalal, | ||||||||
| Approximately 77% of the world's population lives in developing countries, where poverty prevails, and leads to high mortality and morbidity rates. About 95% of the world's population growth occurs in these countries, which are least equipped to meet the problem. Proper use of contraception is vital for these nations. The percentage of sexually active teenagers around the world is rising. However, only a minority of them use effective barrier contraceptives that protect against sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV. Changes in contraceptive use could improve maternal and child health, reduce population growth, and ensure better provision of resources around the world. | ||||||||
| 8056 | 14.53 | 3030010 | 1987.04.13 | + | AIDS vaccine trial volunteers can be found. | West J Med | ||
| L McKusick, TJ Coates, M Conant, | ||||||||
| 8057 | 14.53 | 10847247 | 2000.06.21 | + | The patient's response to medical futility. | Arch Intern Med | ||
| DC McGee, AB Weinacker, TA Raffin, | ||||||||
| 8058 | 14.53 | 16953554 | 2006.10.04 | + | Abbott accused of refusing access to HIV drug. | Lancet Infect Dis | ||
| K Ahmad, | ||||||||
| 8059 | 14.52 | 15199334 | 2004.11.02 | + | Obtaining informed consent from HIV-infected pregnant women, Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire. | AIDS | ||
| 8060 | 14.52 | 8555830 | 1996.02.27 | + | Notification of tuberculosis is compatible with venereal diseases regulations. | BMJ | ||
| JS Metters, | ||||||||
| 8061 | 14.52 | 1576502 | 1992.06.08 | + | + | Attitudes and experiences of human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients to surgery and surgeons. | Br J Surg | |
| SK Gill, M Emberton, HJ Scott, | ||||||||
| The issues regarding screening and identification of patients at risk for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection before surgery continue to be discussed, and there is a need for information regarding attitudes of both surgeons and patients to this issue. A population of HIV-positive patients attending a genitourinary medicine clinic were given an anonymous questionnaire to review their experiences of attending for operation. Of 174 patients who replied, 52 had undergone a total of 65 procedures. In all but three of the operations, the HIV status was made known to the surgeon. | ||||||||
| 8062 | 14.52 | 11737369 | 2002.01.03 | + | Euthanasia, physicians and HIV infected persons. | HIV Med | ||
| V Nathanson, | ||||||||
| 8063 | 14.52 | 2338844 | 1990.06.15 | + | + | Hospital administrators' response to AIDS. Results of a national survey. | Med Care | |
| PA Weil, LM Stam, | ||||||||
| Executives are just beginning to adapt to the presence of the epidemic. Two-thirds have been involved in AIDS care and these hospitals appear to be in the forefront in developing structural responses and initiating procedures to deal with the disease. Through the use of rating scale analysis, we were able to show a continuum of responses by which hospitals cope with the disease. First, educational efforts are begun, then human resource departments begin to refer employees with AIDS to caregivers. And the most developed response is for hospitals to establish specific policies for employees, ultimately requiring them to report whether or not they have the disease to their supervisor. Executives' attitudes also seem to be affected by whether or not their hospitals have cared for any AIDS patients. In contrast to the contact hypothesis used to explain prejudice, experienced administrators are more authoritarian in reacting to the crisis. For example, more experienced than inexperienced hospital administrators agree that all patients should be routinely tested for AIDS. Our findings are corroborated in a recently reported study of house staff who had been exposed to patients with AIDS. House officers who had cared for a greater number of AIDS patients showed a greater level of concern about acquiring the disease than those with less exposure. Just as experience among house officers serves to produce increasing concern for their personal safety, so too experience on the part of the executives appears to intensify anxiety in their attitudes. Experienced administrators are more likely to advocate specialized facilities for the care of AIDS patients.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS) | ||||||||
| 8064 | 14.52 | 11837010 | 2002.02.28 | + | + | Medical prescription of heroin--a review. | Can HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev | |
| S Brissette, | ||||||||
| There are many problems associated with injection drug use, problems that affect both the users themselves as well as those close to them and the society in which they live. Whether through complications associated with drug use (multiple infections, mental health problems, etc) or through the consequences on those close to them and on society (family dysfunction, crime, etc), the costs of illegal drug use are considerably greater than the costs of treating drug users. | ||||||||
| 8065 | 14.52 | 2774028 | 1989.10.11 | AIDS-infected RN wins "confidentiality" fight. | Am J Nurs | |||
| 8066 | 14.52 | 2729375 | 1989.06.30 | "Jane Doe, RN" fights to keep HIV status secret. | Am J Nurs | |||
| 8067 | 14.51 | 8302643 | 1994.03.10 | + | Fear of OH unwarranted. | Nurs Times | ||
| P Lloyd, | ||||||||
| 8068 | 14.51 | 2741082 | 1989.08.10 | + | [Serious gap in campaign for prevention of HIV infection] | Sygeplejersken | ||
| H Lyndrup, | ||||||||
| 8069 | 14.51 | 15754457 | 2005.03.21 | + | Mental health. Ethics committees can help with HIV-related ethical dilemmas. | HIV Clin | ||
| PW Dralle, | ||||||||
| 8070 | 14.50 | 1298284 | 1993.05.13 | + | Ethics--food for thought. | S C Nurse | ||
| MF Wessinger, | ||||||||
| 8071 | 14.50 | 3152732 | 1990.09.06 | + | [Our approach to AIDS and the HIV infected] | Dtsch Krankenpflegez | ||
| U Canaris, | ||||||||
| 8072 | 14.50 | 15890829 | 2005.07.21 | + | + | The travesty of choosing after positive prenatal diagnosis. | J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs | |
| M Sandelowski, J Barroso, | ||||||||
| OBJECTIVE: To integrate the findings of qualitative studies of expectant parents receiving positive prenatal diagnosis. DATA SOURCES: Seventeen published and unpublished reports appearing between 1984 and 2001 and retrieved between December of 2002 and March of 2003. The electronic databases searched include Academic Search Elite, AIDS Information Online (AIDSLINE), Anthropological Index Online, Anthropological Literature, Black Studies, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Digital Dissertations, Dissertation Abstracts Index (DAI), Educational Resource Information Center (ERIC), MEDLINE, PsycInfo, Public Affairs Information Service (PAIS), PubMed, Social Science Abstracts (SocSci Abstracts), Social Science Citation Index, Social Work Abstracts, Sociological Abstracts (Sociofile), Women's Resources International, and Women's Studies. STUDY SELECTION: Qualitative studies involving expectant parents living in the United States of any race, ethnicity, nationality, or class who learned during any time in pregnancy of any fetal impairment by any means of diagnosis were eligible for inclusion. DATA EXTRACTION: Metasummary techniques, including the calculation of frequency effect sizes, were used to aggregate the findings. Metasynthesis techniques, including constant comparison analysis and the reciprocal translation of concepts, were used to interpret the findings. DATA SYNTHESIS: The topical emphasis in the findings is on the termination of pregnancy following positive diagnosis. The thematic emphasis is on the dilemmas of choice and decision making. Positive prenatal diagnosis was for couples an experience of chosen losses and lost choices. Couples managed information to minimize stigmatization and cognitive dissonance. CONCLUSIONS: Existing guidelines for caring for couples after perinatal losses must accommodate the chosen loss experientially defining positive prenatal diagnosis. | ||||||||
| 8073 | 14.50 | 12148153 | 2003.02.06 | + | + | Meaningful participation of minors with HIV/AIDS in decisions regarding medical treatment. Balancing the rights of children, parents, and state. | Int J Law Psychiatry | |
| NE Walker, | ||||||||
| The ability to define clinical classifications and articulate theoretical frameworks must be balanced with deep respect for and awareness of the impact of HIV on clients' lives. Working with these youngsters and their families calls us to dare to be in touch with their very spirits as well as with their clinical issues. So, what should we do for the children? At the risk of oversimplifying, the best answer still is to walk with them. | ||||||||
| 8074 | 14.50 | 14626930 | 2003.12.04 | Negligence protections must remain in drug testing policy. | AIDS Policy Law | |||
| 8075 | 14.49 | 1973783 | 1990.08.27 | + | Haemophilic AIDS patient loses claim in Australia. | Lancet | ||
| D Brahams, | ||||||||
| 8076 | 14.49 | 8855901 | 1996.11.08 | RN support seen for assisted suicide. | Am J Nurs | |||
| 8077 | 14.49 | 2671418 | 1989.10.06 | + | + | Economic and policy implications of early intervention in HIV disease. | JAMA | |
| PS Arno, D Shenson, NF Siegel, P Franks, PR Lee, | ||||||||
| Early medical intervention in human immunodeficiency virus disease has far-reaching implications for the health care system of the United States. Several factors are enabling the medical community to begin intervention prior to a patient's diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. These factors include an understanding of the biologic markers of disease progression; advances in antiviral therapeutics; and an improved ability to control the most common presenting opportunistic infection, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Providing adequate ambulatory care for large numbers of asymptomatic human immunodeficiency virus-infected individuals and coordinating inner-city health care facilities will become critical. Important questions regarding service provision need to be adequately addressed. The cost of yearly treatment, estimated to be $5 billion per year, will require a major financial commitment at all levels of government and the private sector. Effective early intervention in human immunodeficiency virus disease may alter the course of one of the most devastating epidemics in modern history. Planning for its implementation should begin immediately. | ||||||||
| 8078 | 14.49 | 3660266 | 1987.11.18 | + | AIDS: ethical considerations involved in AIDS/HIV care. | Tex Nurs | ||
| T Stanley, D Martin, | ||||||||
| 8079 | 14.49 | 11362170 | 1995.02.17 | What to do when a patient wants to die. | AIDS Alert | |||
| 8080 | 14.48 | 3424094 | 1988.02.24 | + | [Duty to secrecy and duty to inform--better to be silent than to talk?] | Sykepleien | ||
| BA Ostby, | ||||||||
| 8081 | 14.48 | 10915248 | 2000.09.13 | + | Model-based allocation of HIV-prevention resources. | AIDS Public Policy J | ||
| SD Pinkerton, PR Abramson, | ||||||||
| 8082 | 14.48 | 12295790 | 2000.06.12 | + | A new sexual revolution in health, diversity, and rights. | SIECUS Rep | ||
| E Coleman, | ||||||||
| 8083 | 14.48 | 9377432 | 1997.11.07 | + | [HIV/AIDS--let the virus speak. Interview by Olav André Manum.] | Tidsskr Sykepl | ||
| T Ovlien, | ||||||||
| 8084 | 14.47 | 11668693 | 2001.12.04 | HIV, harm reduction, hepatitis and human rights: planning for a national conference. | HIV Prev Plus | |||
| 8085 | 14.47 | 12401263 | 2002.11.19 | + | Thailand court forces reversal of drug firm antiretroviral patent. | Lancet | ||
| K Ahmad, | ||||||||
| 8086 | 14.47 | 2344582 | 1990.07.05 | + | Ethics staff try to salvage future after McGill fire destroys past. | CMAJ | ||
| B Trent, | ||||||||
| 8087 | 14.47 | 2922305 | 1989.04.13 | + | Against the grain. | Nurs Times | ||
| N Pope, | ||||||||
| 8088 | 14.47 | 3535180 | 1986.12.18 | + | + | Evaluation of a confidential method of excluding blood donors exposed to human immunodeficiency virus. | Transfusion | |
| J Nusbacher, J Chiavetta, R Naiman, B Buchner, V Scalia, R Herst, | ||||||||
| A confidential self-administered questionnaire was given to all donors prior to blood donation (n = 95,917). The questionnaire describes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) high-risk groups and requires the donor to designate his blood for either laboratory purposes or for transfusion. Six-hundred and twenty-seven people (0.65%; 78% men) designated their blood for laboratory purposes. In addition to routine enzyme-linked immunoassay (EIA) screening for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody, all units from the latter group of donors were tested by Western blot (WB) irrespective of the EIA result. An equal number of donor units was selected from those designating their blood for transfusion (age, sex and clinic matched) and these too were tested by WB irrespective of the EIA result. We found that donors designating their blood for laboratory purposes had a 10 times (vs transfusion-designated controls) to 100 times (vs general donor population) greater exposure to HIV. In the laboratory-designated group, an EIA negative donor was WB positive, yielding an estimated EIA false-negative rate of 16 per million. A confidential questionnaire, as described, is a valuable adjunct in ascertaining high-risk blood donors. | ||||||||
| 8089 | 14.46 | 2973089 | 1988.12.21 | + | Don't deny AIDS victims dental care. | RDH | ||
| I Woodall, | ||||||||
| 8090 | 14.46 | 2356161 | 1990.07.26 | + | + | Ethical aspects of AIDS in childhood in England. | Pediatrician | |
| TE Oppé, | ||||||||
| Among the special moral concerns applicable to the management of HIV infection in childhood are those relating to consent, confidentiality and the child's rights to medical care and to opportunities for normal development. There may be conflicts of interest between the parents and the child both in connection with natural parents (mother-infant transmission) or with legal guardians, particularly when parental rights have been transferred to state agencies. Although the number of children with HIV infection or suffering from AIDS and its related conditions is small, there is a need for more understanding and for more comprehensive guidance about the ethical problems arising in this group of victims. | ||||||||
| 8091 | 14.46 | 1293823 | 1993.04.08 | + | [In the wings] | Sygeplejersken | ||
| FT Hansen, | ||||||||
| 8092 | 14.46 | 10466915 | 1999.10.14 | + | + | An interdisciplinary mock trial involving pharmacy, law, and ethics. | Ann Pharmacother | |
| AE Broeseker, MM Jones, | ||||||||
| OBJECTIVE: To describe an innovative, interdisciplinary approach to illustrate the relationship between healthcare ethics and law. METHODS: A mock trial was created for students enrolled in the Samford University McWhorter School of Pharmacy and Department of Paralegal Education. The trial served as the starting point to discuss confidentiality in health care in general and pharmacy in particular. Students from both programs served on the jury and rendered a verdict after the case had been presented. The Alabama statute concerning exceptions to confidentiality is reviewed. The students' assignment and lessons learned are also described. SUMMARY: Students thoroughly enjoyed this method of teaching and learning. The mock trial provided an interesting way to exemplify the often complex relationship between healthcare ethics and law. | ||||||||
| 8093 | 14.46 | 7755093 | 1995.06.19 | + | Mandatory disclosure of human immunodeficiency virus status by surgeons is philosophically and practically counterproductive. | Am J Obstet Gynecol | ||
| JL Ecker, | ||||||||
| 8094 | 14.45 | 2140705 | 1990.07.11 | + | + | An update on the human immunodeficiency virus and infection control. | J Can Dent Assoc | |
| J Hardie, | ||||||||
| This report is not an attempt to provide a comprehensive review of HIV infection, AIDS, and infection control. Rather it has highlighted some of the medical, ethical and legal aspects associated with the AIDS dilemma which are of significance to the dental profession. There would appear to be few if any valid professional reasons which a dentist may use to avoid treating an HIV infected or AIDS patient. In fact, dentists adopting such an attitude may be subject to litigation. From a research perspective, it is feasible that continuing monitoring of the oral manifestations of AIDS and its associated diseases will contribute much information regarding the responses of the oral tissues to immunosuppression. This, in turn, may result in a better appreciation of common dental diseases especially periodontitis. The information on infection control has emphasized how a knowledge of the basic microbiologic concepts regarding disease transmission should be used as the foundation for effective prevention of disease transmission. | ||||||||
| 8095 | 14.45 | 2366284 | 1990.08.13 | + | The HIV-infected surgeon. | JAMA | ||
| FS Rhame, | ||||||||
| 8096 | 14.45 | 11221410 | 2001.03.29 | + | + | Comprehensive STD/HIV prevention education targeting US adolescents: review of an ethical dilemma and proposed ethical framework. | Nurs Ethics | |
| EJ Brown, EM Simpson, | ||||||||
| Adolescents are increasingly at risk for sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The prolonged latency period, sometimes in excess of five years, and the incubation period of up to 10 years before the manifestation of symptoms, may foster adolescents' false sense of invincibility and denial as they often do not see the devastating effects of the disease in their peers until they are older. In turn, their practice of safer sex may be hindered and thereby contribute to the escalation of this public health crisis among sexually active adolescents. Prevention-focused recommendations were made in the USA as a result of this crisis. Recommendations were made to: (1) include STD/HIV education in the curricula of grades kindergarten to 12; (2) increase to at least 75% the proportion of primary care and mental health professionals who provide age-appropriate STD/HIV prevention counselling to adolescents; and (3) expand HIV prevention services to include age-appropriate HIV education curricula for students in grades 4-12 in 95% of schools. Yet, in the USA, the provision of school-based comprehensive STD/HIV education has been difficult to achieve owing to certain limitations and, in some instances, legal action. These limitations include: limited student access; restricted content; and the implementation of sporadic and/or brief educational programmes. Given these recommendations and the fact that adolescents are acquiring STDs and HIV infections at increasing rates, and despite the limitations and legal actions, do health care professionals not have an ethical obligation to provide adolescents with comprehensive STD/HIV prevention education? This ethical dilemma will be discussed using the ethical decision-making principles of 'autonomy' and 'beneficence', and a decision-making model proposed by Thompson and Thompson, and by Chally and Loric. | ||||||||
| 8097 | 14.45 | 12042077 | 2002.07.16 | + | + | Perceptions of HAART among gay men who declined a treatment offer: preliminary results from an interview-based study. | AIDS Care | |
| V Cooper, D Buick, R Horne, N Lambert, G Gellaitry, H Leake, M Fisher, | ||||||||
| As part of a prospective study of treatment decision making among people with HIV infection, we explored perceptions of HAART in a cohort who declined a treatment offer. This was a qualitative study in which 26 gay men were interviewed in relation to their views about HAART soon after treatment was recommended by their HIV physician. Fifteen themes were associated with the decision to decline HAART. These were grouped under three broad categories: doubts about personal necessity for HAART, concerns about potential adverse effects of taking HAART and satisfaction with the amount of personal control over the decision. These findings provide new insights into the type of beliefs that might inform people's evaluation of their perceived need for HAART and their concerns about HAART. Initiatives to support informed decisions should take account of these perceptions. | ||||||||
| 8098 | 14.44 | 1863253 | 1991.09.05 | + | HIV/AIDS nursing--a national vision. | Aust Nurses J | ||
| M Beaumont, | ||||||||
| 8099 | 14.44 | 2908414 | 1990.03.15 | The doctor's duty towards AIDS patients. | Lancet | |||
| 8100 | 14.44 | 15992493 | 2005.10.25 | + | + | Implementing electronic medical record systems in developing countries. | Inform Prim Care | |
| HS Fraser, P Biondich, D Moodley, S Choi, BW Mamlin, P Szolovits, | ||||||||
| The developing world faces a series of health crises including HIV/AIDS and tuberculosis that threaten the lives of millions of people. Lack of infrastructure and trained, experienced staff are considered important barriers to scaling up treatment for these diseases. In this paper we explain why information systems are important in many healthcare projects in the developing world. We discuss pilot projects demonstrating that such systems are possible and can expand to manage hundreds of thousands of patients. We also pass on the most important practical lessons in design and implementation from our experience in doing this work. Finally, we discuss the importance of collaboration between projects in the development of electronic medical record systems rather than reinventing systems in isolation, and the use of open standards and open source software. | ||||||||
| 8101 | 14.44 | 9735070 | 1998.09.10 | + | + | Access to care is the centerpiece in the elimination of socioeconomic disparities in health. | Ann Intern Med | |
| DP Andrulis, | ||||||||
| Many health care professionals have sustained an almost single-minded conviction that disparities in access to health care across socioeconomic groups are the key reason for the major discrepancies in health status between wealthy persons and poor persons. Others, however, have argued that a host of factors work to create major impediments and that reducing or eliminating financial barriers to health care in particular will do little to reduce discrepancies in health status. This paper, while acknowledging the spectrum of contributing factors, argues that the elimination of financially based differences in access is central to any effort to create equity in outcomes across socioeconomic groups. Through selected review of the many studies on health insurance, access, outcomes, and socioeconomic status, it establishes that a core links affected populations, their difficulty in financing health care, and the threat to their well-being. In so doing, it cites findings that strongly associate lack of insurance (especially for persons who live in poverty), inability to obtain services, and adverse health outcomes. It also uses the example of Medicaid and other coverage for HIV-infected persons in particular as an important positive instance in which leveling the discrepancies in health care across socioeconomic groups can move toward creating quality in access and outcomes. The competitive pressures in today's health care environment threaten to drive socioeconomic groups further apart, especially insured and uninsured persons. However, the recent enactment of state actions, especially the State Child Health Insurance Program, represent powerful examples of health insurance expansion that have lessons for policymakers at all levels for the monitoring and reduction of socioeconomic disparities. | ||||||||
| 8102 | 14.44 | 8716493 | 1996.09.19 | + | + | Should people with HIV infection receive transplants? | Nurs Times | |
| C Purton, | ||||||||
| This paper examines whether potential organ recipients should be screened for HIV/AIDS. Written by a former staff nurse at a liver unit, it outlines the results of a survey of transplant centres. The author argues for pre- and post-test counselling and calls for a protocol to be set up as a guide to testing. | ||||||||
| 8103 | 14.43 | 1629981 | 1992.08.18 | + | Health care workers infected with human immunodeficiency virus. | JAMA | ||
| BD Weinstein, | ||||||||
| 8104 | 14.42 | 15149914 | 2004.08.12 | + | + | Deconstructing stigma: perceptions of HIV-seropositive mothers and their disclosure to children. | Soc Work Health Care | |
| S Letteney, HH LaPorte, | ||||||||
| This study addressed the perceptions of stigma and disclosure behavior of HIV-seropositive mothers. Eighty-eight HIV-seropositive women in New York City completed two independent measures of stigma, the Perceived Stigma Scale and the Devaluation-Discrimination Measure. Disclosers (67%) and nondisclosers (33%) were similar in most sociodemographic characteristics-marital status, race, religion and employment, with the exception of age and education. Significant differences were found between disclosure groups in the use of secrecy as a stigmamanagement tool and in perceived devaluation-discrimination associated with an HIV diagnosis. Nondisclosers to children were significantly more likely than disclosers to use secrecy as a stigma management tool (t =-2.76; p =.01), and to feel devalued and discriminated against as a result of HIV serostatus (t = 3.11; p =.01). Disclosure of parental HIV serostatus to children is an important aspect of continuous care and custody planning. Secrecy and perceptions of devaluation and discrimination related to HIV diagnosis should be seen as barriers to disclosure of serostatus to children. | ||||||||
| 8105 | 14.42 | 16080377 | 2005.09.13 | + | ECHR 2004/5 Case of Amegnigan v. The Netherlands, 25 November 2004, no. 25629/04 (Third Section) ( Decision as to the admissibility). | Eur J Health Law | ||
| J Dute, | ||||||||
| 8106 | 14.41 | 2297299 | 1990.02.12 | + | + | Attitudes toward the care of patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A survey of community internists. | Arch Intern Med | |
| AA Somogyi, JA Watson-Abady, FS Mandel, | ||||||||
| Community physicians may play an increasing role in treating patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) because of the shift away from inpatient care. At a community hospital in New York, NY, we surveyed 230 attending physicians in a department of medicine to determine their attitudes toward the care of patients with AIDS. Factor analysis produced three clusters of attitudes termed antipathy, liability, and isolation. These factors, together with physicians' "knowledge" and background, were analyzed as predictors of treating patients with AIDS. While antipathy, isolation, and fear of acquiring AIDS were not predictors, liability scores were inversely correlated with the likelihood of treating the disease (r = -.18). Liability was influenced by patients' attitudes toward AIDS. Primary care physicians had higher liability and isolation scores than subspecialists and were more likely to see support groups, guaranteed funding, and education as incentives to treat patients with AIDS. Further study is needed to target measures that support primary care physicians in their care of patients with this disease. | ||||||||
| 8107 | 14.41 | 1614498 | 1992.07.30 | + | US company's gene therapy trial is first to bypass RAC for approval. | Nature | ||
| C Anderson, | ||||||||
| 8108 | 14.41 | 8632108 | 1996.06.28 | + | + | Nurses' attitudes toward caring for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | J Prof Nurs | |
| RA Baylor, AM McDaniel, | ||||||||
| The purpose of this study was to examine nurses' attitudes toward caring for patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and factors that might be related to these attitudes. One hundred thirty-eight (138) registered nurses responded to an anonymous mail survey. The survey instrument assessed the subjects' attitudes toward caring for AIDS patients along five dimensions: (1) fears and concerns relating to caring for AIDS patients, (2) attitudes toward health care utilization by AIDS patients, (3) attitudes toward caring for terminally ill patients, (4) attitudes toward homosexuality, and (5) attitudes of significant others toward AIDS patients. The data obtained were analyzed using frequency distributions, independent t tests, and analysis of variance. Results of this study indicated that educational background is not related to nurses' attitudes toward caring for patients with AIDS; however, nurses who have had experience caring for patients with AIDS have more positive attitudes towards health care utilization by AIDS patients (P < .05) and more positive attitudes toward homosexuality (P < .04) than nurses who have not cared for AIDS patients. | ||||||||
| 8109 | 14.41 | 7623699 | 1995.08.28 | + | + | Medical students in a time of HIV: education and the duty to treat. | Med Educ | |
| SG Post, JR Botkin, LA Headrick, | ||||||||
| This article concerns medical education about the ethics of professional duties and treatment of HIV-infected patients. The issue at hand is not whether medical students have a duty to treat HIV-infected patients, since it is a matter of consensus that they do. Medical schools have reasserted that risks are inherent in medicine, and that medical school admission should be based on the willingness to accept some risks, in addition to intelligence and personal skills. Those who wish to avoid risks are free to enter other professions. While it is imperative to assert a duty to treat, this requires thoughtful explanation to match the understandably high anxiety levels of many medical students. | ||||||||
| 8110 | 14.40 | 3695577 | 1988.02.24 | + | California's "AIDS confidentiality laws". | Law Med Health Care | ||
| S Fribourg, | ||||||||
| 8111 | 14.40 | 10889574 | 2000.07.25 | + | Rural HIV/AIDS in the United States: studies suggest presence, no rampant spread. | JAMA | ||
| J Stephenson, | ||||||||
| 8112 | 14.40 | 3665483 | 1987.12.16 | + | Facing AIDS: health practitioners and public policy. | Conn Med | ||
| JM Healey, | ||||||||
| 8113 | 14.39 | 1300413 | 1993.05.27 | + | HIV testing in the health care setting: a case review. | Nephrol News Issues | ||
| B Bednar, E Peacock, | ||||||||
| 8114 | 14.38 | 14726576 | 2004.02.09 | + | Public health. A sound rationale needed for phase III HIV-1 vaccine trials. | Science | ||
| DR Burton, RC Desrosiers, RW Doms, MB Feinberg, RC Gallo, B Hahn, JA Hoxie, E Hunter, B Korber, A Landay, MM Lederman, J Lieberman, JM McCune, JP Moore, N Nathanson, L Picker, D Richman, C Rinaldo, M Stevenson, DI Watkins, SM Wolinsky, JA Zack, | ||||||||
| 8115 | 14.38 | 9549218 | 1998.05.29 | IMS supports name-specific HIV reports. | Iowa Med | |||
| 8116 | 14.38 | 11647260 | 1987.07.16 | + | Fear of AIDS spurs rise of companies that freeze blood. | NY Times (Print) | ||
| R Lindsey, | ||||||||
| 8117 | 14.38 | 11424268 | 2001.07.12 | + | + | Adolescent girls with illegally induced abortion in Dar es Salaam: the discrepancy between sexual behaviour and lack of access to contraception. | Reprod Health Matters | |
| V Rasch, M Silberschmidt, Y Mchumvu, V Mmary, | ||||||||
| This article reports on a study of induced abortion among adolescent girls in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, who were admitted to a district hospital in Dar es Salaam because of an illegally induced abortion in 1997. In the quantitative part of the study, 197 teenage girls (aged 14-19) were asked for socio-economic details, contraceptive knowledge/use, age at first intercourse and number of sexual partners. In the qualitative part, 51 teenage girls were interviewed in-depth about their relationships with their partners, sexual behaviour, contraceptive use and reasons for non-use, and why they became pregnant. The girls were sexually active at an early age and having sex mainly with men older than themselves. Although most of the girls were in love with and enjoyed sex with their partners, they also entered these relationships to obtain money or gifts in exchange for sex. Most were not using contraception or condoms though they were also at risk of STDs and HIV. These girls were getting pregnant expecting their boyfriends to marry them, or because they did not think they could become pregnant or failed to use contraception correctly. Most adolescent girls are not aware of the 1994 Tanzanian policy that gave them the right to seek family planning services and in practice these services are not being provided. There is a need for youth-friendly family planning services and to make abortion safe and legal, in order to reduce unwanted pregnancies and abortion-related complications and deaths among adolescent girls. | ||||||||
| 8118 | 14.37 | 7800544 | 1995.01.26 | + | Nurses with HIV live in fear of disclosure. | Nurs Times | ||
| T Reid, | ||||||||
| 8119 | 14.37 | 8055042 | 1994.09.15 | + | When care is futile. | Medsurg Nurs | ||
| MS Bosek, E Lowry, | ||||||||
| 8120 | 14.37 | 1887210 | 1991.10.10 | + | Patient privacy vs. the risk of disease to caregivers. | RN | ||
| S McCracken, | ||||||||
| 8121 | 14.37 | 3791836 | 1987.02.06 | + | + | Impact of the diagnosis of AIDS on hospital care of an infant. | Clin Pediatr (Phila) | |
| PG Krener, | ||||||||
| Detailed analysis of caretaker response to the first infant newly diagnosed with AIDS at a university hospital was done by review of nursing notes for three periods: before diagnosis of AIDS, after diagnosis, and after psychiatric consultation. Five consultation questions were posed, and the findings on investigation of these questions are discussed. It was found that the percentage of time that PRN medication was given dropped after diagnosis of AIDS but rose above the initial level after the consultation. The number of times per shift the nurse touched the baby (TLCs) was not found to be associated with use of PRN medication; rather it was explained by which nurse was caring for the child. This study focuses on variations in nursing care of one infant to illustrate how variation in caretaker response can amplify the range of perturbations of the infant's behavioral response. It is speculated that caretakers of patients with AIDS may normally have feelings considered unacceptable in medical settings, including fear, blaming the patient, or a wish to avoid the patient. Such feelings are more difficult to tolerate in the care of children or infants and are superimposed upon the familiar stains associated with the care of chronically ill or dying pediatric patients. | ||||||||
| 8122 | 14.37 | 7493193 | 1996.01.11 | + | + | Cost-effectiveness: from whose perspective? | J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol | |
| AL Hillman, | ||||||||
| Evaluating the cost-effectiveness of medical interventions, particularly pharmaceuticals, has been the focus of much debate in this country over the past few years. Although the support for efficient utilization of monies is widespread, the delicate balance between optimizing patient outcome with the costs to do so in high-risk patients is especially difficult. Although research in the field of cost-effectiveness is widespread, at present there are few guidelines in this country. Furthermore, the introduction of bias is a serious concern in the interpretation and validation of studies, often limiting their utility. Guidelines that can be implemented to minimize bias in economic research have been identified to include administrative, methodology-based, and ethical parameters. The standardization and implementation of such guidelines can reduce bias in economic research and optimize study validity. This review focuses on these issues and suggests that initial steps to produce unbiased economic research include total disclosure, appropriate comparator selection, complete release of all relevant data, and the cooperation of all involved parties. | ||||||||
| 8123 | 14.37 | 10324486 | 1987.12.31 | + | Patient suing hospital over unwanted AIDS test. | Mod Healthc | ||
| S Taravella, | ||||||||
| 8124 | 14.36 | 3660254 | 1987.11.19 | + | [AIDS: unacceptable rudeness when health personnel fears AIDS patients. Interview by Helle Kastholm Hansen.] | Sygeplejersken | ||
| H Zoffmann, | ||||||||
| 8125 | 14.36 | 10812443 | 2000.06.28 | + | + | [Pharmaco-economic evaluation of mandatory HIV-screening in pregnancy; a cost-efficacy analysis in Amsterdam] | Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd | |
| MJ Postma, JA van den Hoek, EJ Beck, B Heeg, JC Jager, RA Coutinho, | ||||||||
| OBJECTIVE: To estimate the cost effectiveness of universal screening for HIV of pregnant women in Amsterdam. DESIGN: Pharmaco-economic model calculation. METHOD: An estimate was made of the minimal and maximal prevalences of undiagnosed HIV infection during pregnancy for the whole of Amsterdam, based on epidemiological data from observation among pregnant women in two Amsterdam hospitals and one obstetrical practice. The calculation was based on universal screening with an ELISA test. The interventions after screening comprised pharmacotherapy during pregnancy, delivery by caesarean section and breast-milk substitution. The issues of pharmaco-economic analysis were whether or not costs were reduced and net costs per year of life gained; the question was also studied at what lifetime costs of care for HIV infected children the net costs would be nil (costs equal benefits). RESULTS: Universal HIV screening in Amsterdam required a total investment of about Dfl 300,000.-per annum. In many of the analysed options for HIV screening the financial profits exceeded the investment. Variation of assumptions showed that the net costs of HIV screening under all conditions investigated would remain below Dfl 1,200.-per life year gained. CONCLUSION: Universal HIV screening of pregnant women in Amsterdam showed a favourable cost effectiveness. The calculations indicated a possibility of reducing costs. | ||||||||
| 8126 | 14.36 | 3282084 | 1988.05.26 | + | + | Human immunodeficiency virus test evaluation, performance, and use. Proposals to make good tests better. | JAMA | |
| JS Schwartz, PE Dans, BP Kinosian, | ||||||||
| Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) tests are essential for detecting asymptomatic infection and are helpful in confirming the diagnoses of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related complex and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Nonetheless, many aspects of their use remain controversial, partly because of concerns about test accuracy. This article reviews the scientific basis for the evaluation, performance, and use of the most commonly employed HIV assays. Current test performance could be improved by better standardization of test procedures and institution of mandatory proficiency testing and licensure of clinical laboratories that perform HIV testing. Test utility could be enhanced by sequencing tests more appropriately and by interpreting test results in conjunction with the clinical purpose for which the test is being used and the characteristics of the population under study. Finally, HIV tests should be evaluated in a manner that minimizes spectrum and referral bias and inadequate reference standard confirmation, problems that have affected the evaluation of current tests. | ||||||||
| 8127 | 14.36 | 10444903 | 1999.09.21 | + | Testing for HIV infection and the law. | Cent Afr J Med | ||
| TJ Nyapadi, | ||||||||
| 8128 | 14.36 | 10526830 | 1999.12.02 | + | Bragdon v. Abbott. | J Clin Anesth | ||
| B Liang, W Robinson, RD Truog, | ||||||||
| 8129 | 14.35 | 12574715 | 2003.04.03 | + | + | Laws relating to HIV/AIDS infection and the rights of employees. | Br J Nurs | |
| B Dimond, | ||||||||
| Following a holiday in Africa, Brenda, a nurse, was told that she had probably been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. She felt reasonably fit and since she worked in ophthalmic outpatients, an area where there was a very low risk of infecting patients, she wanted to keep this information to herself. What is the law? | ||||||||
| 8130 | 14.35 | 15677851 | 2006.03.29 | + | + | Syphilis surveillance and epidemiology in the United Kingdom. | Euro Surveill | |
| AA Righarts, I Simms, L Wallace, M Solomou, KA Fenton, | ||||||||
| The aim of this article is to describe trends in infectious syphilis in the UK, and specifically the epidemiology of the London syphilis outbreak, the largest in the UK to date. Analysis of routine surveillance data from genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics was performed as well as data collection through enhanced surveillance systems. There have been substantial increases in diagnoses of infectious syphilis between 1998 and 2003, with a 25-fold increase seen in men who have sex with men (MSM) (from 43 to 1028 diagnoses); 6-fold (138 to 860) in heterosexual men and 3-fold (112 to 338) in women. The national rise in syphilis was driven by a series of local outbreaks, the first of which occurred in 1997. To date, 1910 cases have been reported in the London outbreak, first detected in April 2001. High rates of HIV co-infection were seen among MSM, with MSM likely to be of white ethnicity and born in the UK. In contrast, heterosexuals were more likely to be of black ethnicity and born outside the UK. Most syphilis infections were acquired in London. MSM bear the brunt of the national resurgence in infectious syphilis. Substantial rises in male heterosexual cases has resulted in a divergence between male heterosexual and female cases, which now requires further investigation. | ||||||||
| 8131 | 14.35 | 15948313 | 2005.06.28 | + | Ethics of AIDS drug trials on foster children questioned. | Lancet Infect Dis | ||
| K Ahmad, | ||||||||
| 8132 | 14.35 | 1440113 | 1992.12.17 | + | + | Obstacles to effective case management with AIDS patients: the clinician's perspective. | Soc Work Health Care | |
| CS Roberts, C Severinsen, C Kuehn, D Straker, CJ Fritz, | ||||||||
| A social work clinician filled the role of case manager with multiple functions of discharge planner, client advocate, counsellor and educator in her work with a young male AIDS patient and his family. Material from this case is used to illustrate seven problem areas identified as obstacles to effective case management: (1) The stigma of AIDS and homosexuality (2) Lack of adequate family support (3) Impact of AIDS dementia (4) Ethical dilemmas in discharge planning (5) Conflicts in the advocacy process (6) Lack of adequate resources and (7) Countertransference issues. Clinical observations are integrated with the existing social work literature which focuses on providing services to AIDS patients. | ||||||||
| 8133 | 14.35 | 2306045 | 1990.03.20 | + | AIDS poses confidentiality risk. | Am Nurse | ||
| WH Killian, | ||||||||
| 8134 | 14.34 | 15174988 | 2004.07.28 | + | + | Detention for tuberculosis: public health and the law. | Med J Aust | |
| SN Senanayake, MJ Ferson, | ||||||||
| Non-compliance with treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) by an individual can put the community at risk of transmission of TB. Public health (detention) orders can be issued to detain non-compliant individuals, but this is a last resort and rarely used. Two recent cases in New South Wales illustrate the process of issuing a public health order in NSW, and some of the issues that may arise. The NSW law can also be applied to patients with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or HIV/AIDS. The other states and territories have similar laws, which often apply to a broader range of diseases and have fewer limits on issuing and extending orders. | ||||||||
| 8135 | 14.34 | 14661938 | 2004.02.10 | + | + | District health systems in a neoliberal world: a review of five key policy areas. | Int J Health Plann Manage | |
| M Segall, | ||||||||
| District health systems, comprising primary health care and first referral hospitals, are key to the delivery of basic health services in developing countries. They should be prioritized in resource allocation and in the building of management and service capacity. The relegation in the World Health Report 2000 of primary health care to a 'second generation' reform--to be superseded by third generation reforms with a market orientation--flows from an analysis that is historically flawed and ideologically biased. Primary health care has struggled against economic crisis and adjustment and a neoliberal ideology often averse to its principles. To ascribe failures of primary health care to a weakness in policy design, when the political economy has starved it of resources, is to blame the victim. Improvement in the working and living conditions of health workers is a precondition for the effective delivery of public health services. A multidimensional programme of health worker rehabilitation should be developed as the foundation for health service recovery. District health systems can and should be financed (at least mainly) from public funds. Although in certain situations user fees have improved the quality and increased the utilization of primary care services, direct charges deter health care use by the poor and can result in further impoverishment. Direct user fees should be replaced progressively by increased public finance and, where possible, by prepayment schemes based on principles of social health insurance with public subsidization. Priority setting should be driven mainly by the objective to achieve equity in health and wellbeing outcomes. Cost effectiveness should enter into the selection of treatments for people (productive efficiency), but not into the selection of people for treatment (allocative efficiency). Decentralization is likely to be advantageous in most health systems, although the exact form(s) should be selected with care and implementation should be phased in after adequate preparation. The public health service should usually play the lead provider role in district health systems, but non-government providers can be contracted if needed. There is little or no evidence to support proactive privatization, marketization or provider competition. Democratization of political and popular involvement in health enhances the benefits of decentralization and community participation. Integrated district health systems are the means by which specific health programmes can best be delivered in the context of overall health care needs. International assistance should address communicable disease control priorities in ways that strengthen local health systems and do not undermine them. The Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria should not repeat the mistakes of the mass campaigns of past decades. In particular, it should not set programme targets that are driven by an international agenda and which are achievable only at the cost of an adverse impact on sustainable health systems. Above all the targets must not retard the development of the district health systems so badly needed by the rural poor. | ||||||||
| 8136 | 14.34 | 8324678 | 1993.08.12 | + | Should immigrants be screened? | CMAJ | ||
| JE Parker, | ||||||||
| 8137 | 14.34 | 11921677 | 2002.09.13 | + | + | Voluntary testing and counselling for HIV. "Are adults in rural communities ready to test?" A descriptive survey. | Cent Afr J Med | |
| SM Laver, | ||||||||
| OBJECTIVE: To describe rural adult preparedness to test for HIV, perceived susceptibility, response to peer group opinion, perceived positive and negative outcome expectations of testing. DESIGN: Cross sectional descriptive study. SETTING: Mashonaland West Province, Zimbabwe. SUBJECTS: Purposive convenience sample; 204 adults, 102 females, aged 18 to 50. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Stage of preparedness to test for HIV, perceptions of susceptibility, response to peer group opinion, negative and positive expectations about testing. RESULTS: None of the 204 participants had knowingly been tested for HIV prior to the study; 55.8% had heard about Voluntary Counselling and Testing (VCT) and 21.0% had thought about testing. Of these, 15 (34.8%) had already talked to somebody about testing. When compared with married respondents, significantly more singles expressed preparedness to test for HIV in the next six months (p = 0.040). Only 14.2% of respondents expressed willingness to pay for a test. Females worried more than males about "getting HIV in the future" (p = 0.019). Singles were more likely to worry about their partners' current HIV status than married and once married respondents (p < 0.001). When compared with women, men showed more likelihood of responding to pressure from friends to test for HIV (p = 0.039). Strongly articulated fears about testing included being seen by friends at a VCT centre, stigmatisation, violence and stress. Significantly more women than men were fearful that an HIV test would be painful (p = 0.006). Similarly, women were more fearful than men about taking an HIV test (p = 0.007), the possibility of waiting for the result (p = 0.022) and returning for results (p = 0.020). Anticipated positive outcomes of testing included getting assistance in the early stage of the disease. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of HIV status acquired voluntarily in a psychologically and socially supportive environment will be a significant motivator for individuals and their partners to initiate and maintain safer sexual behaviour. Our study showed some preparedness among adults from two rural communities to test for HIV. While current strategies to promote VCT in urban areas reflect sensitivity to many of the fears of adults expressed in this study, the initiative must be expanded to embrace rural communities. There is a need to build on positive perceptions about testing and embrace a strategy that disables fear, particularly among women. The initiative must go beyond the individual as the primary target and be promoted within the broader context of the community with the assistance of credible opinion leaders. It should also link closely with other services that offer primary prevention, pilot treatment and support activities. | ||||||||
| 8138 | 14.34 | 16266441 | 2006.02.28 | + | + | Anthropological insights into the use of race/ethnicity to explore genetic contributions to disparities in health. | J Biosoc Sci | |
| SM Outram, GT Ellison, | ||||||||
| Anthropological insights into the use of race/ethnicity to explore genetic contributions to disparities in health were developed using in-depth qualitative interviews with editorial staff from nineteen genetics journals, focusing on the methodological and conceptual mechanisms required to make race/ethnicity a genetic variable. As such, these analyses explore how and why race/ethnicity comes to be used in the context of genetic research, set against the background of continuing critiques from anthropology and related human sciences that focus on the social construction, structural correlates and limited genetic validity of racial/ethnic categories. The analyses demonstrate how these critiques have failed to engage geneticists, and how geneticists use a range of essentially cultural devices to protect and separate their use of race/ethnicity as a genetic construct from its use as a societal and social science resource. Given its multidisciplinary, biosocial nature and the cultural gaze of its ethnographic methodologies, anthropology is well placed to explore the cultural separation of science and society, and of natural and social science disciplines. Anthropological insights into the use of race/ethnicity to explore disparities in health suggest that moving beyond genetic explanations of innate difference might benefit from a more even-handed critique of how both the natural and social sciences tend to essentialize selective elements of race/ethnicity. Drawing on the example of HIV/AIDS, this paper demonstrates how public health has been undermined by the use of race/ethnicity as an analytical variable, both as a cipher for innate genetic differences in susceptibility and response to treatment, and in its use to identify 'core groups' at greater risk of becoming infected and infecting others. Clearly, a tendency for biological reductionism can place many biomedical issues beyond the scope of public health interventions, while socio-cultural essentialization has tended to stigmatize 'unhealthy behaviours' and the communities where these are more prevalent. | ||||||||
| 8139 | 14.33 | 16144058 | 2005.10.11 | California doctor indicted for 'sub-dosing' AIDS patients. | AIDS Policy Law | |||
| 8140 | 14.33 | 10115271 | 1992.01.21 | + | AMA OKs patient testing without specific consent. | Mod Healthc | ||
| D Burda, | ||||||||
| 8141 | 14.33 | 11769193 | 2002.01.16 | Lawsuit over liability coverage for AIDS-cure firm to proceed. | AIDS Policy Law | |||
| 8142 | 14.33 | 2082964 | 1991.01.16 | + | HIV and surgeons. | BMJ | ||
| BG Gazzard, C Wastell, | ||||||||
| 8143 | 14.33 | 7480474 | 1995.12.04 | + | + | Prejudice toward persons living with a fatal illness. | Psychol Rep | |
| RL Dukes, HC Denny, | ||||||||
| Vignettes depicting a person living with a fictitious fatal illness were presented to 222 undergraduates. Manipulated variables in a completely randomized 3 x 2 x 2 factorial design were method of transmission of the illness (genetic/contagious/infectious), the population likely to become ill (anyone/primarily marginal persons), and the amount of suffering (little/much). Subjects reported on perceptions of ease of transmission of the illness, danger of contact with the ill person, blame, support of sanction, and social distance. Multivariate analysis of covariance showed that the manipulated variables affected the dependent variables considered together. Greatest prejudice was shown toward persons suffering greatly from an infectious illness that affected primarily marginal persons. Results are discussed relative to HIV. | ||||||||
| 8144 | 14.33 | 3419467 | 1988.10.24 | + | HIV testing is the answer--what's the question? | N Engl J Med | ||
| R Weiss, SO Thier, | ||||||||
| 8145 | 14.33 | 11548392 | 2001.10.11 | Insurance. AIDS activist decides to end transplant suit against HMO. | AIDS Policy Law | |||
| 8146 | 14.31 | 12092928 | 2002.12.24 | + | Evaluating HIV prevention efforts to reduce new infections and ensure accountability. | AIDS Educ Prev | ||
| DR Holtgrave, A Gilliam, D Gentry, FS Sy, | ||||||||
| 8147 | 14.30 | 10125360 | 1993.05.26 | + | + | Long-term care survey reveals challenges. Facilities grapple with five broad issues, including changes in leadership and AIDS. | Health Prog | |
| LJ Westhoff, JC Schaefer, | ||||||||
| The Catholic Health Association's 1992 survey of Catholic long-term care (LTC) facilities identified five broad issues LTC facilities face in the 1990s: leadership, system affiliation, community programs, resident issues, and care of persons with AIDS. The transition to lay leadership presents new challenges to the relationship between LTC facilities and their sponsors. Despite the dominance of religious sponsors, an increasing number of laypersons are serving as healthcare administrators both in long-term and acute care. Thirty percent of respondents reported being affiliated with a multi-institutional system. This percentage has changed little in the past few years, although the number of facilities that are system members continues to increase at the fastest rate of any type of LTC facility. Only 27 percent of survey respondents said they provide educational or informational programs for persons in their communities. Thirty-nine percent of system-affiliated LTC facilities reported offering such programs. One encouraging finding shows that 80 percent of facilities have written policies for living wills, 64 percent for designated proxy, and 86 percent for durable power of attorney for healthcare. LTC providers are struggling to determine their role in caring for persons with HIV and AIDS. Only 3.6 percent of respondents care for residents with AIDS. A major problem LTC administrators face is a fear of potential infection of staff or residents. | ||||||||
| 8148 | 14.29 | 11363962 | 1997.01.06 | + | 2nd International Conference on Health and Human Rights. | J Int Assoc Physicians AIDS Care | ||
| S Dougherty, | ||||||||
| 8149 | 14.28 | 8269734 | 1994.02.01 | + | [Patient education regarding intra- and postoperative blood transfusions--recommendations of the DKG] | Chirurg | ||
| W Weissauer, | ||||||||
| 8150 | 14.28 | 7974413 | 1994.12.28 | + | [Infection control legislation. On infection control legislation and participation of the Helsedirektoratet/Helsetilsynet in the legislative process] | Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen | ||
| C Lerche, A Alvik, K Tveitan, | ||||||||
| 8151 | 14.28 | 1818307 | 1992.07.15 | + | [Ethics and epidemiology] | |||
| J Bernard, | ||||||||
| 8152 | 14.28 | 12170981 | 2002.08.20 | + | HMO, insurance policies threaten HIV care: interview with Dr. X. Interview by John S. James. | AIDS Treat News | ||
| Many health plans use various means to discourage HIV specialty care--even though such care clearly benefits patients, and costs less, compared to non-specialist care--in order to avoid attracting expensive patients into their plans. This problem is much worse in HIV than in cancer and other catastrophic illnesses with more established specialties. AIDS Treatment News interviewed an AIDS doctor who provides details--but who must remain anonymous to avoid retaliation by some of the health plans. | ||||||||
| 8153 | 14.27 | 8853967 | 1997.01.15 | + | + | Sex masks: the double life of female commercial sex workers in Mexico City. | Cult Med Psychiatry | |
| X Castañeda, V Ortíz, B Allen, C García, M Hernández-Avila, | ||||||||
| The central topic of the article is the divided world of female commercial sex workers (FCSW) in Mexico City. Fourteen focus group sessions were conducted with 133 FCSW from varying socio-economic levels and types of work site, as well as seven individual interviews. FCSW live in a constant double bind, as mother and "prostitute," and come into daily contact with society's double standard for women. Reactions include justifying sex work as a better paying employment opportunity for women, as a necessary evil, and as a type of social service, while at the same time hiding their profession from their families. FCSW also live out an archetypal female ambivalence, their selves divided between the mother/"saint" and the traitor/"prostitute." This article defines elements which should be taken into account in culturally appropriate programs for prevention of HIV/AIDS transmission, especially the importance which FCSW give to their role as mothers and promotion of the condom as a physical and symbolic barrier between professional and private life. | ||||||||
| 8154 | 14.26 | 11367454 | 1998.06.26 | The big 9: new screening questions hurt HIV+ users. | ||||
| 8155 | 14.26 | 11366425 | 2000.04.25 | Older HIV patients require special considerations. | AIDS Alert | |||
| 8156 | 14.25 | 7612454 | 1995.08.24 | + | 'No compulsory HIV tests'. | Nurs Stand | ||
| N Young, | ||||||||
| 8157 | 14.25 | 11366586 | 2000.05.09 | Job bias suit should not rely on 'work' as a life function. | AIDS Policy Law | |||
| 8158 | 14.25 | 2523751 | 1989.06.19 | + | Dental ethics. Part III. Challenge and crisis. | J Can Dent Assoc | ||
| A Schafer, | ||||||||
| 8159 | 14.25 | 10758075 | 2000.05.12 | + | + | Non-compliance amongst adolescents with asthma: listening to what they tell us about self-management. | Fam Pract | |
| KM Buston, SF Wood, | ||||||||
| BACKGROUND: Non-compliance with prescribed anti-asthma medication is considered to be a major problem. The reasons why adolescents may fail to comply with their regimen are poorly understood. OBJECTIVES:This study set out to understand better the reasons for non-compliance in adolescents with asthma. METHODS:In-depth interviews were conducted with a sample of 49 adolescents, aged 14-20 years, diagnosed as asthmatic more than a year previously and attending a hospital asthma clinic in Greater Glasgow. The interviews focused on young people's feelings about their illness and on their illness-related behaviour, including self-management. RESULTS: Most of the young people interviewed admitted that they had not always complied with their self-care regimens. Reasons given for non-compliance with prescribed medication in the past or at present were: forgetfulness, belief that the medication is ineffective, denial that one is asthmatic, difficulty using inhalers, inconvenience, fear of side effects, embarrassment and laziness. CONCLUSION:Most of those interviewed believed that compliance with prescribed medication was extremely important, with many having formed this belief following a negative experience which they attributed to their non-compliance. Nevertheless, barriers exist which mean that optimum self-care is not always achieved. It is suggested that future health care initiatives in this area be designed to provide practical information which aids the surmounting of these barriers and helps children and adolescents to be sufficiently aware of their own vulnerability at an early stage of their career as asthmatics. Peer education initiatives may meet these objectives, and more thought should be given to their development and optimum form. | ||||||||
| 8160 | 14.24 | 8908991 | 1996.12.19 | + | + | Unwanted pregnancy: it's existing solutions from the perspective of young adults in Bangkok and the abortion law. | Med Law | |
| P Prajayayothin, R Dhamprapha, | ||||||||
| 727 students of 15 to 24 years old in Bangkok were randomly selected to study their opinion towards existing solutions for unwanted pregnancy and the conformity or controversy of their suggested solutions to Thai Abortion law. The SPSS/PC package program was used for data analysis. The results show that more than 80 percent of the youth in this study do not prefer abortion methods, despite it's being vastly used, as a means to solve the problem and that the abortion must be done under the Thai Criminal Law section 305 (1) and (2). Otherwise, it might be reasonable for some critical medical conditions such as high risk pregnancy or anti HIV+ve. Hence, it is confirmed that the young adult's opinion towards abortion go along with the law almost completely except for the aspect of the baby's health and genetic diseases. With regard to better solutions of unwanted pregnancy, Thai young adults strongly recommend resolutions of allowing progress of pregnancy on the basis of kindliness and understanding of human-being in crisis with warm support from within and outside the families. Also needed is the strengthening of the virtue of Thai culture along with sufficient sex education for the young generation. | ||||||||
| 8161 | 14.24 | 7786753 | 1995.07.27 | Concern over HIV testing. | Nurs Stand | |||
| 8162 | 14.23 | 14763649 | 2004.04.15 | + | + | Involvement and (potential) influence of care providers in the enlistment phase of the informed consent process: the case of AIDS clinical trials. | Nurs Ethics | |
| MR Mueller, | ||||||||
| This article draws on ethnographic field data collected during an investigation of the informed consent process and AIDS clinical trials. It describes the involvement of care providers (physicians, nurse practitioners, physician assistants) during the enlistment, or recruitment, phase of the informed consent process. It shows that sometimes care providers are involved in the receipt, evaluation and distribution of information on clinical trials through their interactions with research professionals and patients. It suggests that the involvement of care providers has the potential to influence the informed consent process. Some of the ethical and practice considerations of this are discussed. | ||||||||
| 8163 | 14.23 | 1448366 | 1992.12.24 | + | + | HIV infection in women. Implications for nursing practice. | Nurs Clin North Am | |
| E Hanley, P Lincoln, | ||||||||
| Much remains to be explained regarding women with HIV infection or AIDS. Interest in determining whether the natural history of the disease or the clinical manifestations are gender specific is leading to more research focused on women. The female roles of childbearer and caretaker evoke ethical issues that are unique to this epidemic and that can impact on the development and delivery of health care services. Women at the greatest risk for HIV disease are not likely to form coalitions to advocate for services, research dollars, and education. They need advocates and assistance in becoming united to advocate for themselves. Nurses have a critical role in the provision of services to women with HIV disease. As educators, direct service providers, and administrators, nurses contribute to the development of services that are holistic and family centered. As advocates, nurses can ensure that women are accurately and well informed about the disease and the resources available to them. Because AIDS no longer affects only those persons living in large metropolitan areas, it is imperative that all nurses become experts in the care of women with AIDS and advocates for a better outcome. | ||||||||
| 8164 | 14.23 | 16117369 | 2005.09.13 | + | + | An approach to addressing ethical issues in a community-based risk assessment for HIV: a case from Chennai, India. | J Health Popul Nutr | |
| S Sivaram, AK Srikrishnan, KG Murgavel, KH Mayer, S Anand, DD Celentano, S Solomon, | ||||||||
| Community-based assessment of HIV prevalence and behavioural risk factors is the basis for deciding priorities of prevention and care programmes. Here, upholding the human rights of participants in assessment is of utmost importance. The objective of the paper was to describe the process of implementation of an epidemiological survey to assess HIV-related behavioural and biological factors in Chennai city in South India and to suggest an ethical framework for conducting similar assessment activities in developing-country settings. A survey was conducted with participation from residents (n=1,659) of low-income urban communities (slums) as part of a community-based HIV/STD-prevention trial. Administration of the survey was preceded by extensive community contact and household visits to inform community members about the trial and assessment activities. Formative research further strengthened rapport with community, highlighted community concerns, and identified HIV-related risk behaviours that informed questionnaire design. The process of obtaining informed consent began before assessment activities and provided an opportunity for individuals to discuss participation with their families and friends. Privacy during assessment, comprehensive follow-up care for those who tested positive for HIV/STDs, such as nutritional and prevention counselling, referral services for opportunistic infections, and antenatal-care options for pregnant women increased trust and credibility of the project. The sustained availability of trial staff to facilitate access to resources to address non-HIV/STD-related felt-needs further strengthened participation of the community members. These resources included liaison services with local government to obtain public services, such as water and electricity and resources, to address concerns, such as alcohol abuse and domestic violence. Based on this experience, an ethical framework is suggested for conducting HIV epidemiological risk assessment in developing countries. This framework discusses the role of community participation, transparent and comprehensive informed consent, timely dissemination of results, and access to follow-up care for those living with HIV/STDs. | ||||||||
| 8165 | 14.23 | 9343005 | 1997.11.18 | + | Informing children of their human immunodeficiency virus infection. | Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med | ||
| DJ Schonfeld, | ||||||||
| 8166 | 14.23 | 8489925 | 1993.06.17 | + | Media coverage about health care workers with AIDS. | |||
| C Scott, | ||||||||
| 8167 | 14.23 | 2897555 | 1988.07.11 | Testing for HIV infection. | Lancet | |||
| 8168 | 14.23 | 1596802 | 1992.07.08 | + | The ter Neuzen case: impossible standards. | CMAJ | ||
| M Greenwald, | ||||||||
| 8169 | 14.23 | 2957185 | 1987.10.13 | + | AIDS and the law. | Dent Pract Manage | ||
| LE Rozovsky, | ||||||||
| 8170 | 14.23 | 9298470 | 1997.10.30 | + | + | Characteristics of volunteer participants in phase I HIV vaccine trials. | J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care | |
| CL Crumbo, GK Rybczyk, LJ Wagner, | ||||||||
| This study examines characteristics of volunteers participating in Phase I HIV vaccine trials. An understanding of these characteristics may assist in the recruitment of volunteers for future trials. Volunteer surveys from 232 participants were reviewed. A total of 95% of the volunteers were Caucasian, 69% were heterosexual, and 52% were women. Volunteers ranged in age from 19 to 60 years with a median age of 36. Among the volunteers, 73% knew someone who may have had AIDS or knew someone who was at risk for acquiring HIV. Volunteers cited personal and political reasons for participating in the vaccine trials. No "typical" volunteer was identified, supporting the belief that many factors affect a person's willingness to participate in such situations. | ||||||||
| 8171 | 14.22 | 7801170 | 1995.01.25 | + | + | Stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination in sexually transmitted diseases: overcoming 'them' and 'us'. | Soc Sci Med | |
| N Gilmore, MA Somerville, | ||||||||
| It is recognized that AIDS involves multiple epidemics. As well as an epidemic of HIV, we are experiencing epidemics of fear and of stigmatization, scapegoating and discrimination associated with AIDS. In this paper, we investigate the nature of these reactions and the links between them. In doing so, we identify some of their causes. We likewise investigate counter-reactions, pre-eminent among which is the promotion of concepts of respect for persons and for human rights. We also examine the 'tools' used to elicit and manifest both these reactions and counter-reactions. In all cases, these 'tools' include choice of language--especially in the form of metaphor and rhetoric--and the use of symbolism. We conclude that in order to deal humanely and compassionately with AIDS and persons with AIDS, and, ultimately, to protect society (including, the fundamental principles and rules on which it is based), a primary requirement is to recognize that we are all living with AIDS, whether infected or affected by it; that is, in the context of AIDS, it is imperative that we overcome any divisions into 'them' and 'us'. | ||||||||
| 8172 | 14.22 | 11837038 | 2002.02.28 | + | + | Nigeria--Judge denies woman with HIV access to courtroom. | Can HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev | |
| F Morka, | ||||||||
| In February 2001, a judge in the Ikeja High Court in Nigeria barred an HIV-positive woman from entering her courtroom out of concern for transmission of the virus. | ||||||||
| 8173 | 14.22 | 11977380 | 2002.09.17 | + | + | Family therapists' ethical decision-making processes in two duty-to-warn situations. | J Marital Fam Ther | |
| EM Burkemper, | ||||||||
| This quantitative study investigated the ethical decision-making process of 177 Missouri members of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy using two in-session duty-to-warn scenarios of child abuse and HIV transmission. The components of the critical-evaluative level of ethical decision making include the lower-level decision components of personal/therapeutic response, professional ethics, and legal considerations/laws of the State, and the components of the higher-level decision base, the meta-ethical principles, which are nonmaleficence, autonomy, beneficence, fidelity, and justice. Statistical results indicated that in the child abuse scenario, professional ethics and legal considerations/laws of the State were considered most important, whereas in the HIV scenario, professional ethics were the preferred lower-level decision base. Across scenarios, the preferred higher-level decision base was nonmaleficence. There were differences across the child abuse and HIV scenarios in the perceived significance of the remaining lower-level decision base items as well as differences in perceived significance and ordering of the remaining meta-ethical principles. Limitations are discussed. | ||||||||
| 8174 | 14.21 | 3193676 | 1989.01.11 | + | Reporting of AIDS. | Kans Med | ||
| WT Stratton, | ||||||||
| 8175 | 14.21 | 1812771 | 1992.06.10 | Pennsylvania Superior Court--AIDS: disclosure of physician's HIV status--in re Milton S. Hershey Medical Center. | Am J Law Med | |||
| 8176 | 14.21 | 8231506 | 1993.12.15 | + | [False care about the rights of HIV- infected patients] | Lakartidningen | ||
| SA Aulin, | ||||||||
| 8177 | 14.21 | 2095745 | 1990.04.18 | + | Ethical considerations in testing victims of sexual abuse for HIV infection. | Child Abuse Negl | ||
| N Fost, | ||||||||
| 8178 | 14.20 | 8365205 | 1993.10.07 | + | Pediatric AIDS and critical care. | Crit Care Med | ||
| DA Notterman, | ||||||||
| 8179 | 14.20 | 7734725 | 1995.06.08 | + | Confidentially speaking. | J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care | ||
| C Garner, | ||||||||
| 8180 | 14.19 | 9285572 | 1997.09.22 | + | Miami AIDS researcher denies charges over billing irregularities. | Nature | ||
| R Dalton, | ||||||||
| 8181 | 14.19 | 8559848 | 1996.02.23 | + | + | [Informing a child about his illness in HIV infection: words and meaning] | Psychiatr Enfant | |
| I Funck-Brentano, | ||||||||
| The account of the medical and psychological treatment of Pascal over a period of three years shows the complexity and the stakes of the problem that families and the medical core are faced with when confronted to a child infected by the HIV: to talk of his infection or his illness. How do you approach the problem with an 8 year old child? What do you answer to his questions without the risk of triggering an unbearable death anxiety for him and his family? Starting with a lie, Pascal's mother will progressively realise the intrication of her own internal conflicts (that go back to her childhood) with her present suffering. She thus becomes able to look at her son's illness properly and discuss it with him in a healthy and natural manner. The question of whether to disclose his diagnosis to a child is discussed; some recommendations are suggested. | ||||||||
| 8182 | 14.19 | 15530942 | 2005.02.01 | + | An analysis of the Cuban health system. | Public Health | ||
| A Aitsiselmi, | ||||||||
| 8183 | 14.18 | 1839501 | 1992.05.06 | + | Do you treat HIV positive patients? | Br Dent J | ||
| J Haslam, | ||||||||
| 8184 | 14.18 | 10569841 | 1999.09.30 | + | Fourth Amendment balancing act: special needs of rape victims justify court-ordered HIV testing of the accused. | Seton Hall Law Rev | ||
| JP Runke, | ||||||||
| 8185 | 14.17 | 8274918 | 1994.02.10 | + | France rejects HIV screening. | BMJ | ||
| A Dorozynski, | ||||||||
| 8186 | 14.17 | 2460209 | 1988.12.05 | + | A place for living, a place for dying. | CMAJ | ||
| B Trent, | ||||||||
| 8187 | 14.17 | 11719948 | 2002.03.15 | + | A clinical protocol for the study of traditional medicine and human immunodeficiency virus-related illness. | J Altern Complement Med | ||
| RR Chaudhury, | ||||||||
| 8188 | 14.17 | 3042117 | 1988.09.19 | + | An examination of HIV antibody testing. | CMAJ | ||
| I Kleinman, | ||||||||
| 8189 | 14.16 | 1583744 | 1992.06.16 | From the Centers for Disease Control. Investigations of patients who have been treated by HIV-infected health-care workers. | JAMA | |||
| 8190 | 14.16 | 9781701 | 1998.10.29 | + | + | The effect of professional education on the knowledge and attitudes of physical therapist and occupational therapist students about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | Phys Ther | |
| JA Balogun, MT Kaplan, TM Miller, | ||||||||
| BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Anxiety and fear about caring for people with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are concerns expressed by students in health care professions. This study was designed to evaluate the influence of education offered to physical therapist (PT) and occupational therapist (OT) students on their knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to provide services to people with AIDS. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Twenty-six undergraduate PT students and 23 undergraduate OT students completed a questionnaire at the beginning of their professional education program, following a 5-hour AIDS education seminar, and shortly before their graduation. The questionnaire consisted of 3 subscales designed to evaluate the respondents' knowledge, attitudes, and willingness to treat people with AIDS. RESULTS: At the time of graduation, the students in both disciplines showed improvement in knowledge about AIDS (14.3% for PT students and 13.8% for OT students) and more positive attitudes toward people with AIDS (7.4% for PT students and 5% for OT students). In both disciplines, the students' willingness to provide services for people with AIDS remained unchanged following the AIDS education seminar and at the end of the professional education program. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION: The professional education offered to the cohort of students in this study appeared to be beneficial in improving their knowledge and attitudes toward people with AIDS, but it did not affect their willingness to work with this patient group. | ||||||||
| 8191 | 14.16 | 9091545 | 1997.04.10 | + | + | [Knowledge and behavior of pregnant women towards HIV infection and its screening] | J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris) | |
| D Rey, Y Obadia, JP Moatti, JY Gillet, L Cravello, E Couturier, | ||||||||
| OBJECTIVES: To assess knowledge and attitudes of pregnant women towards HIV infection and testing, and to compare them according to the outcome of the pregnancy (elective abortion vs delivery). METHODS: Between March 30 and April 26, 1992, all women ending their pregnancy in a medical center located in South Eastern France, were asked to complete an anonymous questionnaire: 3,589 (89.6%) responded: 2,825 women who delivered and 764 who chose abortion. RESULTS: 61.7% of the women who delivered and 24.1% of the women who chose abortion declared having been tested for HIV during pregnancy (p < 0.001). Among women who reported not having been tested, very few did so because they refused the test (2% among women who deliver and 1.5% among women who terminated pregnancy). A total of 2.6% of women tested during prenatal care and 19.6% in the context of abortion did not know the result of their test (p < 0.001). Knowledge about HIV transmission among women who delivered dit not differ significantly from that of women who terminated pregnancy. However risky behaviors were more frequent among the latter group (38.8% vs 17.7%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSION: This research confirms that systematic HIV screening during prenatal care was already diffused in France but remained mainly motive by foetal concerns and was not always associated with adequate preventive counselling, specially for migrant women and women with a low level of education. HIV screening and counselling is not guaranteed for women coming for elective abortion although they are more at risk for HIV infection. In spite of psychological difficulties, systematic proposal of HIV screening should be extended to the context of elective abortion. | ||||||||
| 8192 | 14.16 | 1604365 | 1992.07.14 | + | Ethical, methodological, and political issues of AIDS research in Central Africa. | Soc Sci Med | ||
| NA Christakis, | ||||||||
| 8193 | 14.15 | 1871595 | 1991.09.16 | Tape trouble. | Science | |||
| 8194 | 14.15 | 7783924 | 1995.07.17 | + | + | On being informed you are HIV positive: experiences of Navy service members. | Mil Med | |
| T Kupke, GW Tarr, | ||||||||
| This study addressed the experience of being told that one has become infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) while serving in the United States Navy. Responses to a questionnaire, administered to 150 HIV-positive service members, indicated that feelings of fear, shock, disbelief, and embarrassment were experienced by study participants upon learning of their HIV-positive status. The manner in which their HIV diagnosis was disclosed was generally viewed in favorable terms and more so in recent years relative to the earliest days of the Navy's HIV program. Having a medical officer as a disclosing official was associated with more negative experiences than was the case for other categories of disclosing officials. Lastly, post-disclosure events were often excessively stressful, and no improvement in this regard over 6 years of the Navy's HIV program was evident. | ||||||||
| 8195 | 14.15 | 11366970 | 2000.06.28 | New York's Giuliani proposes cuts in three AIDS programs. | AIDS Policy Law | |||
| 8196 | 14.14 | 2613990 | 1990.03.13 | + | + | Developing acquired immunodeficiency syndrome policies for schools of nursing: a practical guide. | J Prof Nurs | |
| KK Chitty, | ||||||||
| Estimates based on national surveys reveal that many National League for Nursing schools of nursing do not yet have acquired immunodeficiency syndrome policies in place. Schools without such policies cannot afford to delay in developing them. This article calls upon the deans and directors of the nation's schools of nursing to create task forces to deal with policy formulation and to equip them with the resources needed to accomplish their task. Administrators are encouraged to select task force members based on their unbiased attitudes toward antibody-positive individuals as well as their infection control, legal, and ethical expertise. Guidelines for the policy statement itself include suggestions for consistency with the parent institution's policies, regular policy review, consistency with recent antidiscriminatory judicial interpretations, statements on antibody screening of prospective or current students and faculty members, reasonable safety of students and faculty members in clinical settings, and assurance of complete confidentiality for antibody-positive students, faculty members, and staff members. | ||||||||
| 8197 | 14.14 | 12294388 | 1999.03.17 | The wonder-filled world of AIDS. | AIDS Anal Afr | |||
| 8198 | 14.14 | 8932486 | 1997.01.14 | + | "Dilemmas in family medicine education". | Fam Med | ||
| CW Ryan, | ||||||||
| 8199 | 14.14 | 10217049 | 1999.04.28 | + | HIV testing after implementation of name-based reporting. | JAMA | ||
| R Aragón, J Myers, | ||||||||
| 8200 | 14.14 | 9644003 | 1998.06.19 | + | [Placebos as AIDS therapy, continued] | Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd | ||
| JB Meijer van Putten, | ||||||||
| 8201 | 14.13 | 7828059 | 1995.02.23 | + | Amendment No. 62 to the Education Bill, third reading, House of Lords, 6 July 1993. | Nurs Ethics | ||
| MA Eby, | ||||||||
| 8202 | 14.13 | 15844235 | 2005.05.12 | + | Policy watch. Is an ownership society progress? | AIDS Read | ||
| KM Gebbie, | ||||||||
| 8203 | 14.13 | 15326323 | 2004.09.10 | + | AIDS research. Cambodian leader throws novel prevention trial into limbo. | Science | ||
| J Cohen, | ||||||||
| 8204 | 14.12 | 14686303 | 2004.01.16 | HIV/AIDS stigma. | HRSA Careaction | |||
| 8205 | 14.11 | 10743300 | 2000.04.28 | + | + | Biomedical and development paradigms in AIDS prevention. | Bull World Health Organ | |
| I Wolffers, | ||||||||
| In the fight against the HIV/AIDS pandemic different approaches can be distinguished, reflecting professional backgrounds, world views and political interests. One important distinction is between the biomedical and the development paradigms. The biomedical paradigm is characterized by individualization and the concept of "risk". This again is related to the concept of the market where health is a product of services and progress a series of new discoveries that can be marketed. The development paradigm is characterized by participation of the different stakeholders and by community work. The concept "vulnerability" is important in the development paradigm and emphasis is placed on efforts to decrease this vulnerability in a variety of sustainable ways. Biomedical technology is definitely one of the tools in these efforts. In the beginning of the pandemic the biomedical approach was important for the discovery of the virus and understanding its epidemiology. Later, stakeholders became involved. In the light of absence of treatment or vaccines, the development paradigm became more important and the two approaches were more in balance. However, since the reports about effective treatment of AIDS and hope of development of vaccines, the biomedical paradigm has become a leading principle in many HIV/AIDS prevention programmes. There is a need for a better balance between the two paradigms. Especially in developing countries, where it is not realistic to think that sustainable biomedical interventions can be organized on a short-term basis, it would be counterproductive to base our efforts to deal with HIV/AIDS exclusively on the biomedical approach. | ||||||||
| 8206 | 14.11 | 10132035 | 1994.04.06 | American Health Information Management Association. Position statement. Issue: managing health information relating to infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). | J AHIMA | |||
| 8207 | 14.11 | 10139419 | 1995.02.22 | + | + | Scientific surveillance and the control of AIDS: a call for open debate. | Health Care Anal | |
| GT Stewart, | ||||||||
| This paper reviews some of the history of AIDS in order to put into perspective the claim that AIDS is or will be the pandemic plague of the twentieth century. It is concluded that AIDS shows a relatively stable and predictable pattern in the developed world, and that open and unbiased debate about AIDS is long overdue. | ||||||||
| 8208 | 14.11 | 15933338 | 2005.06.23 | + | The new pope and medical ethics. | BMJ | ||
| DM Scalise, G Bognolo, | ||||||||
| 8209 | 14.11 | 2332892 | 1990.06.07 | Prisoner who opposes AIDS testing loses suit. | J Miss State Med Assoc | |||
| 8210 | 14.10 | 12236207 | 2002.09.25 | + | Barcelona comments. | AIDS Treat News | ||
| JS James, | ||||||||
| 8211 | 14.10 | 2763050 | 1989.09.21 | + | [Cross-professional AIDS project. Program for HIV-positive subjects: time, trust and safety] | Sykepleien | ||
| PK Roghell, A Aasheim, | ||||||||
| 8212 | 14.10 | 14743805 | 2004.02.04 | + | + | WTO: US and Argentina settle dispute over patents and data protection. | Can HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev | |
| R Elliott, | ||||||||
| In May 2000, supplementing an earlier complaint filed in May 1999, the US filed a complaint against Argentina, alleging that its patent laws violate the World Trade Organization's Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property (the TRIPS Agreement). The gist of the US complaint was that Argentina's law failed to provide: (1) adequate protection against "unfair" commercial use of undisclosed test data submitted in order to get market approval of pharmaceutical products; (2) certain safeguards for compulsory licences on an invention granted on the basis of inadequate working by the patent holder; and (3) adequate measures to prevent infringements of patent rights. The US also alleged that Argentina denies certain exclusive rights of patent holders, such as the exclusive right to import the patented product into the country. At the end of May 2002, the US and Argentina notified the WTO that they had reached a "mutually agreed solution," without prejudice to their respective rights and obligations under WTO agreements, and the US has withdrawn its complaint. | ||||||||
| 8213 | 14.10 | 10823806 | 2000.07.20 | + | To promote circumcision as a preventive measure against human immunodeficiency virus transmission is irresponsible. | J Infect Dis | ||
| CJ Cold, H Young, | ||||||||
| 8214 | 14.09 | 15984647 | 2005.08.09 | + | Disclosure of information. | RCM Midwives | ||
| F Macrory, | ||||||||
| 8215 | 14.08 | 3100984 | 1987.03.10 | + | AIDS policy development within the Department of Defense. | Mil Med | ||
| JR Herbold, | ||||||||
| 8216 | 14.08 | 10707699 | 2000.03.29 | + | Science is objective; isn't it? | J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care | ||
| NC Sharts-Hopko, | ||||||||
| 8217 | 14.08 | 15921112 | 2005.06.01 | + | [Practical health care in African villages--good bedside-medicine training] | Lakartidningen | ||
| SA Hedström, B Järhult, | ||||||||
| 8218 | 14.07 | 11253978 | 2001.04.05 | + | Drug firms take South Africa's government to court. | Lancet | ||
| A Baleta, | ||||||||
| 8219 | 14.07 | 15276378 | 2004.08.19 | + | XV International AIDS Conference: an unkept promise of access for all. | Lancet | ||
| N Paul, M Dugar, | ||||||||
| 8220 | 14.06 | 2587389 | 1990.01.08 | + | + | Ethical issues related to the nurse's role in fertility treatment and counseling for patients with AIDS. | Nurs Clin North Am | |
| CA Rooks, | ||||||||
| Issues relating to treatment of clients with AIDS or HIV infections are not easy to resolve. It is important, however, to understand both sides of the issue prior to determining what actions or policies one might make. The ethical concerns presented here reflected issues related to the principles of autonomy, beneficence, justice, nonmaleficence, and fidelity. However, they are only a few of the possible ethical discussions concerning this debate. Most of the arguments centered on either providing fertility treatment and counseling or denying such treatment to clients with AIDS or who are HIV positive. Both sides of the issue used the principles of beneficence and fidelity as the ethical basis for justification of an action. Autonomy, or the violation thereof, also appeared on both sides of this controversial discussion. It is not known whether the scenario presented could ever occur in reality, but with the anticipated increase in the number of AIDS clients who are heterosexuals, the potential for nurses to face such dilemmas also increases. Nurses need to begin to discuss how they might handle such dilemmas and the reasons why they might respond in a particular manner. One hopes that nurses will continue to base their actions on a sensitive reflection of their moral and ethical values as they attempt to care for clients with AIDS. | ||||||||
| 8221 | 14.06 | 15551438 | 2004.11.22 | + | [The Agua Buena Prodefense of Human Rights Association] | Sidahora | ||
| RA Smith, | ||||||||
| 8222 | 14.05 | 10893765 | 2000.08.09 | + | [Ethical aspects of medical practice in AIDS] | An Med Interna | ||
| J Monés Xiol, JL Barrio Medrano, | ||||||||
| 8223 | 14.05 | 10772595 | 2000.04.28 | + | Antenatal screening for HIV in Australia: time to revise policies? | Med J Aust | ||
| SM Garland, JE Duke, DR Woodhouse, | ||||||||
| 8224 | 14.05 | 9253291 | 1997.09.04 | + | Informed consent. Informed consent is light years away for black African patients. | BMJ | ||
| SW Mhlongo, GV Mdingi, | ||||||||
| 8225 | 14.05 | 15991383 | 2005.09.27 | + | Nigeria: HIV-positive journalism student reinstated after mobilization and threat of legal action. | HIV AIDS Policy Law Rev | ||
| E Durojaye, | ||||||||
| 8226 | 14.05 | 16598840 | 2006.04.24 | Prison. Officers' records opened to determine HIV-bias. | AIDS Policy Law | |||
| 8227 | 14.05 | 10498566 | 1999.09.17 | + | Learning medicine through the closet door. | Ann Intern Med | ||
| JR Curtis, | ||||||||
| 8228 | 14.04 | 16041858 | 2005.07.27 | Ethics. AIDS drug experiments on foster children violated rules. | AIDS Policy Law | |||
| 8229 | 14.04 | 15677850 | 2006.03.29 | + | + | Syphilis in Denmark-Outbreak among MSM in Copenhagen, 2003-2004. | Euro Surveill | |
| S Cowan, | ||||||||
| Denmark is currently experiencing an outbreak of syphilis that began in 2003 and has continued in 2004. Data from the national surveillance system show that most cases are in men who have sex with men (MSM), and that a large proportion of these patients are also HIV positive. The proportion of known HIV positive cases in MSM notified with syphilis during the outbreak has, however, not been significantly different from previous years. The majority of cases were reported from Copenhagen municipality, and 70% of the cases were acquired domestically. The outbreak does not seem to be affecting the age group under 20 years. We speculate that most of the MSM found with both syphilis and HIV were already HIV positive when they acquired syphilis infection. | ||||||||
| 8230 | 14.03 | 16646375 | 2006.08.30 | + | [When Doctors Without Borders writes to Miles White, chairman of Abbott Laboratories] | Rev Med Suisse | ||
| JY Nau, | ||||||||
| 8231 | 14.03 | 3749429 | 1986.10.23 | + | Psychiatric and ethical issues in the care of patients with AIDS. | Psychosomatics | ||
| JW Dilley, EE Shelp, SL Batki, | ||||||||
| 8232 | 14.03 | 2254528 | 1991.01.24 | + | + | A critical review of human immunodeficiency virus infection--and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-related research: the knowledge, attitudes, and practice of nurses. | J Prof Nurs | |
| JM Swanson, C Chenitz, M Zalar, P Stoll, | ||||||||
| This article reviews the research literature related to nurses' knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) concerning acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, and care of people with AIDs (PWAs). Areas reviewed included the following: (1) KAP studies of health professionals that include nurses; (2) KAP studies of nurses; (3) KAP studies of nursing students and faculty; (4) studies of stress and coping related to care of PWAs; and (5) studies of outcomes of AIDS education programs. Gaps in knowledge and negative, fearful attitudes toward HIV transmission and PWAs were identified. Negative fears and behaviors decreased in nurses with the gain in accurate information. The studies were largely atheoretical descriptive surveys of health professionals in acute care settings. Studies of nurses specifically, including more studies of obstetric and pediatric nurses, and nurses in a range of settings in the community would be beneficial both in the United States and in other countries. A wider variety of research designs including qualitative studies are needed as are valid and reliable instruments to allow for cross-comparisons between studies. An assessment of non-AIDS-related content, such as spiritual needs of patients and substances abuse is needed by nurses who care for PWAs for use in development of relevant educational programs. | ||||||||
| 8233 | 14.03 | 3844070 | 1985.03.01 | To let nurses work in ignorance is despicable says College. Nurses not told patients had AIDS. | Nurs Stand | |||
| 8234 | 14.03 | 10183842 | 1993.04.02 | + | AIDS and changes in clinical research methods. | Health Prog | ||
| SK Hume, | ||||||||
| 8235 | 14.03 | 1509605 | 1992.09.23 | + | + | [First year experience with a system of mandatory reporting of HIV-positive cases in Denmark] | Ugeskr Laeger | |
| E Smith, M Melbye, | ||||||||
| During the period 1. Aug. 1990 to 31. July 1991, a total of 87,779 HIV-tests were carried out in Denmark on individuals other than blood donors according to the laboratory notification system. Of these 853 were HIV-positive which corresponds to a HIV prevalence of 0.97%. During the same period, 602 persons were notified by doctors as HIV-positive, corresponding to a percentage of notifications of 70. Out of the 602 persons, 84 were repetitions. The sex of two persons was not stated. Further 164 (36%) were previously found to be HIV-positive. Thus there remained 332 (64%) persons who could be classified as positive for the first time. In the material of HIV-positive individuals for the first time, 79% were men and 21% women. The mean age for men was 36 years and 26 years for women (p less than 0.001). 66% of the men were estimated to be infected by homosexual contact, 19% by heterosexual contact and 9% by intravenous drug use. Nineteen of the heterosexually infected men (39%) stated that they had been infected by a woman from a high-endemic region, three by a female drug user and 24 (49%) did not know the source of infection. Thirty of the heterosexually infected women (63%) were considered to be infected by a man from a high-endemic region and 21 of these women were born and had grown up in this region. Six of the women (13%) were considered to have been infected by a bisexual man and eight (17%) by a man without known risk behaviour. HIV-positive persons were notified from all Danish counties, including 57% from Greater Copenhagen. The geographical distribution is not identical for the two sexes. For men, 63% were from Greater Copenhagen and 14% from Jutland while the corresponding distribution for women were 35% and 28% (p = 0.001). | ||||||||
| 8236 | 14.02 | 9368768 | 1998.01.14 | + | Trials and tribulations: ethical dilemmas in HIV therapy. | Curr Opin Immunol | ||
| J Weber, | ||||||||
| 8237 | 14.02 | 11491411 | 2001.12.05 | + | Meta-analysis, overviews and publication bias. | Stat Methods Med Res | ||
| P Solomon, J Hutton, | ||||||||
| 8238 | 14.02 | 8147484 | 1994.04.29 | Position statement on HIV infection and psychiatric hospitalization of children and adolescents. | Am J Psychiatry | |||
| 8239 | 14.01 | 9674480 | 1998.08.05 | + | + | Research bronchoscopies do not adversely affect HIV-infected individuals' future health-care decisions. | Chest | |
| MC Lipman, D Stobbs, S Madge, R Miller, MA Johnson, | ||||||||
| STUDY OBJECTIVES: Asymptomatic HIV-infected individuals are increasingly recruited for studies involving invasive procedures such as bronchoscopy. We sought to determine the response to and outcome of a request for a research bronchoscopy in HIV-positive individuals with no respiratory disease, and whether this would adversely affect future decisions to have a medically indicated bronchoscopy. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective, semistructured, questionnaire-based study in a London teaching hospital HIV outpatient clinic. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred and seven consecutive HIV-infected eligible individuals. Thirty-one healthy volunteers served as a control group for the subjective response to bronchoscopy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Subjects' attitudes and responses to requests for bronchoscopy and subsequent behavior when they required medically indicated bronchoscopy. RESULTS: Seventy-five patients (70%) agreed to the procedure in principle, predominantly for altruistic reasons. Thirty-nine subjects underwent bronchoscopy. Five percent found it worse than expected; and 79% agreed to another research bronchoscopy (performed in 11 subjects approximately 2 years later). All patients said they would undergo bronchoscopy again for diagnostic purposes (required in seven during the study). When compared to a healthy volunteer population within the same study, postbronchoscopy symptoms were similar in frequency although somewhat different in nature. Subjects felt that a clear explanation of what was involved enhanced their participation in this research. CONCLUSIONS: Invasive research procedures such as bronchoscopy can be performed and are repeatable in a healthy HIV-infected population. Performance of procedures for research purposes does not appear to adversely affect future health-care decisions. | ||||||||
| 8240 | 14.01 | 1890042 | 1991.10.16 | + | + | Extending the concept of social validity: behavior analysis for disease prevention and health promotion. | J Appl Behav Anal | |
| RA Winett, JF Moore, ES Anderson, | ||||||||
| A broader definition of social validity is proposed wherein a socially valid behavior-change intervention is directed to a problem of verifiable importance, the intervention is valued and used appropriately by designated target groups, and the intervention as used has sufficient behavioral impact to substantially reduce the probability of the problem's occurrence in target populations. The verifiable importance of a problem is based on epidemiological data, and the value and appropriate use of an intervention are enhanced through the use of conceptual frameworks for social marketing and behavior change and considerable formative and pilot research. Behavioral impact is assessed through efficacy and effectiveness studies. Thus, the social validity of a behavior-change intervention is established through a number of interactive, a priori steps. This approach to defining social validity is related to critical analysis and intervention issues including individual and population perspectives and "top-down" and "bottom-up" approaches to intervention design. This broader definition of social validity is illustrated by a project to reduce the risk of HIV infection among adolescents. Although the various steps involved in creating socially valid interventions can be complicated, time-consuming, and expensive, following all the steps can result in interventions capable of improving a nation's health. | ||||||||
| 8241 | 14.01 | 11184994 | 2000.12.07 | + | Clinical trials. Company, researchers battle over data access. | Science | ||
| CC Morton, | ||||||||
| 8242 | 14.01 | 7829298 | 1995.02.21 | HIV/AIDS and human rights. | Int Nurs Rev | |||
| 8243 | 14.01 | 2532121 | 1990.02.01 | + | Infection control answers issues surrounding AIDS in ethical way. | Dentist | ||
| RR Runnells, | ||||||||
| 8244 | 14.00 | 9594813 | 1998.05.27 | Treating HIV patients. | J Gt Houst Dent Soc | |||
| 8245 | 14.00 | 15861999 | 2005.06.08 | + | + | Change in cesarean section rate as a reflection of the present malpractice crisis. | Conn Med | |
| K Ryan, P Schnatz, J Greene, S Curry, | ||||||||
| OBJECTIVE: To examine the potential effect of the malpractice crisis on the cesarean section rates of practicing obstetricians. METHODS: We reviewed the medical records of primagravid women, from both clinic and private practice settings, having singleton deliveries at Hartford Hospital from 1994 to 2003. The records of cesarean sections due to fetal distress and cephalopelvic disproportion (CPD) were further analyzed for three different two-year periods; 1994-1995, 1999-2000, and 2002-2003. Cases with accepted indications for elective cesarean sections were excluded. These included breech position, HIV, herpes, preeclampsia, placenta previa, and abruptio placenta. RESULTS: The private cesarean rate in 1994-1995 was 15.6%, 1999-2000 15.7%, and in 2002-2003 24.8%, a 58% increase. This is a significant increase that was not equally seen in the clinic population during the same period. CONCLUSION: The private, primagravid cesarean section rate has increased significantly in the last two years. A concurrent rise in medical malpractice actions and malpractice insurance premiums, without other attributable explanations, suggests this may be a major factor. | ||||||||
| 8246 | 14.00 | 3101923 | 1987.04.17 | + | AIDS: a doctor's duty. | Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) | ||
| PJ Guy, | ||||||||
| 8247 | 14.00 | 7825792 | 1995.02.16 | + | + | [Biological tests in the hospital and human rights: concerning HIV serology] | Ann Med Psychol (Paris) | |
| X Prévost, J Garrabé, | ||||||||
| The spreading of a new pathology, highly involved in the medical and psychological fields, A.I.D.S., combined with the present biological achievements make the different hospital services face many ethical problems. Following the various stages in the making of H.I.V. serologies, the authors intend to describe behaviours, practicing, and new regulations which allow the patients' rights to be held in greater respect. | ||||||||
| 8248 | 14.00 | 3880472 | 1989.08.17 | + | AIDS: discrimination issues. | Lamp | ||
| G Tillet, | ||||||||
| 8249 | 13.99 | 1863859 | 1991.09.09 | + | + | [Drug therapy, testimony to our world and our time] | Bull Acad Natl Med | |
| P Joly, | ||||||||
| The past decade has undoubtedly been that of the planetarization of society's problems. The medicament has not escaped this, being at the very heart of health politics, and it even provides us with significant proof of this phenomenon. AIDS, itself a planetary plague, has revealed in this area, the universal search for therapy. The development of methodological pharmaceutical research means that it is increasingly dependent on the general development of science and technology. The discovery process is becoming longer and more costly and its success is even more uncertain as the criteria of therapeutic innovation are increasingly severe, raising the problem of the adequacy for medical challenges and contemporary medical practices. The same questions are raised in the economic sector, from now on dominated by the insistence on rationalizing treatment costs. The idea of valuation applied to therapy forms an appealing but ambiguous approach which leads to the standardization of therapy protocols and pushes the debate even as far as freedom of prescription. This economic debate becomes particularly prickly when dealing with the problem posed by humanitarian issues in Third World Countries. The exclusion of a very big part of the world's population from access to quality medicines forces us to rethink medical cooperation as a whole. This should be founded on the mutual responsibility of those involved and no longer on a misguided idea of aid. The future of medicine in the world therefore depends on the identification and resolution of a certain number of contradictions. This is in everybody's interests and current experiences show that it is possible. | ||||||||
| 8250 | 13.99 | 2570770 | 1989.10.23 | + | Panel discussion on AIDS. | Int J Fertil | ||
| L Keith, M Roland, RA Edgren, RJ Falk, S Kaufman, JM Leventhal, HL Minkoff, | ||||||||